Prevalence and Species Distribution of Lice (Phthiraptera) Infesting Domestic Chickens (Gallus gallus) in Quetta, Pakistan: Research Article

Abstract

Poultry production contributes significantly to household food and nutrition security by supplying eggs and meat. However, parasites pose a major threat to the health of poultry and the safety of poultry products. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and species distribution of poultry lice infesting domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) in Quetta. A total of 335 chickens were examined across thirteen domestic areas in Quetta: 150 from household settings, 150 from poultry farms and 35 from various retail shops. Pretested questionnaires were used to collect data on chicken management practices and keeper demographics. Ectoparasites were collected by combing both the birds and their housing environments. Random sampling was employed to isolate lice from chickens in farms, shops, and households. Live lice were collected for species identification. Prevalence percent (P, %) was calculated using the formula: P (%) = (n ÷ N) × 100, where n is the number of infested birds and N is the total number examined (Herrera et al., 2023). Louse prevalence was higher in summer than in winter. Hens showed a higher infestation rate (81%) compared to cocks (57%). Prevalence was also higher in unclean environments than in hygienic areas. Six louse species were identified on Gallus gallus, with Menopon gallinae being the most prevalent and Lipeurus caponis the least. The overall infestation rate was 79% (81% in hens, 57% in cocks). High infestation levels warrant control measures, as lice damage feathers and cause skin allergies, irritation, and discomfort. Filthy environments significantly support louse survival and proliferation. This study highlights that poultry lice are a major concern in commercial poultry production in Quetta, and effective control strategies are urgently needed to improve poultry output.