Green is indeed a need: How is POES related to PEB? An empirical study in the context of the textile

Main Article Content

Maryam Gull
Shazia Parveen
Sagheer Abbas

Abstract

The adverse effects of environmental degradation have an extensive and lasting impact on countries in the current era. It is essential to comprehend the factors of pro-environmental behaviors to reduce the degradation of the environment. The present research employed the conservation of resource theory to examine the relationship between employees' perceived organizational environmental support and pro-environmental behaviors inside the workplace. The present study additionally considered the potential moderating influence of spiritual leadership. The data-gathering from employees in the textile industry of Pakistan, specifically targeting first-line and middle-level managers in the country's prominent urban cities. The current study suggests a positive relationship between perceived organizational environmental support and employees' pro-environmental behaviors. The study results also indicate that spiritual leadership positively moderates the link between perceived organizational environmental support and pro-environmental behaviors. At the end the current study elaborated the theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and potential future directions.

Article Details

How to Cite
Green is indeed a need: How is POES related to PEB? An empirical study in the context of the textile. (2023). Journal of Management Info, 10(3), 242-260. https://doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v10i3.2864
Section
Research Article

How to Cite

Green is indeed a need: How is POES related to PEB? An empirical study in the context of the textile. (2023). Journal of Management Info, 10(3), 242-260. https://doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v10i3.2864

References

Aboramadan, M., Crawford, J., Türkmenoğlu, M. A., & Farao, C. (2022). Green inclusive leadership and employee green behaviors in the hotel industry: Does perceived green organizational support matter? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103330

Aboramadan, M., & Karatepe, O. M. (2021). Green human resource management, perceived green organizational support and their effects on hotel employees’ behavioral outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(10), 3199–3222. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2020-1440

Ahmad, N., Ullah, Z., Arshad, M. Z., Kamran, H. waqas, Scholz, M., & Han, H. (2021). Relationship between corporate social responsibility at the micro-level and environmental performance: The mediating role of employee pro-environmental behavior and the moderating role of gender. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 1138–1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.02.034

Ali, M., Aziz, S., Pham, T. N., Babalola, M. T., & Usman, M. (2020). A positive human health perspective on how spiritual leadership weaves its influence on employee safety performance: The role of harmonious safety passion. Safety Science, 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104923

Ali, M., Usman, M., Pham, N. T., Agyemang-Mintah, P., & Akhtar, N. (2020). Being ignored at work: Understanding how and when spiritual leadership curbs workplace ostracism in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102696

Anser, M. K., Ali, M., Usman, M., Rana, M. L. T., & Yousaf, Z. (2021). Ethical leadership and knowledge hiding: an intervening and interactional analysis. Service Industries Journal, 41(5–6), 307–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2020.1739657

Ashton, W., Russell, S., & Futch, E. (2017). The adoption of green business practices among small US Midwestern manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 60(12), 2133–2149. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2017.1281107

Bayighomog, S. W., & Arasli, H. (2022). Reviving employees’ essence of hospitality through spiritual wellbeing, spiritual leadership, and emotional intelligence. Tourism Management, 89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104406

Bayighomog, S. W., & Araslı, H. (2019). Workplace spirituality–customer engagement Nexus: the mediated role of spiritual leadership on customer–oriented boundary–spanning behaviors. Service Industries Journal, 39(7–8), 637–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1570153

Bhatnagar, J., & Aggarwal, P. (2020). Meaningful work as a mediator between perceived organizational support for environment and employee eco-initiatives, psychological capital and alienation. Employee Relations, 42(6), 1487–1511. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-04-2019-0187

Bingham, J. B., Mitchell, B. W., Bishop, D. G., & Allen, N. J. (2013). Working for a higher purpose: A theoretical framework for commitment to organization-sponsored causes. Human Resource Management Review, 23(2), 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.07.004

Boeve-de Pauw, J., & Van Petegem, P. (2017). Because my friends insist or because it makes sense? Adolescents’ motivation towards the environment. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050750

Boiral, O. (2009). Greening the Corporation Through Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(2), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9881-2

Byrne, A., Dionisi, A. M., Barling, J., Akers, A., Robertson, J., Lys, R., Wylie, J., & Dupré, K. (2014). The depleted leader: The influence of leaders’ diminished psychological resources on leadership behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.09.003

Chiappetta Jabbour, C. J., Sarkis, J., Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, A. B., Scott Renwick, D. W., Singh, S. K., Grebinevych, O., Kruglianskas, I., & Filho, M. G. (2019). Who is in charge? A review and a research agenda on the ‘human side’ of the circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 222, 793–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.038

Chung, K. C. (2020). Green marketing orientation: achieving sustainable development in green hotel management. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 29(6), 722–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1693471

De Groot, J., & Steg, L. (2009). Morality and prosocial behavior: The role of awareness, responsibility, and norms in the norm activation model. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 425–449. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.4.425-449

Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., & Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 7–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x

Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004

Farrukh, M., Ansari, N., Raza, A., Wu, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). Fostering employee’s pro-environmental behavior through green transformational leadership, green human resource management and environmental knowledge. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121643

Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001

Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 835–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.012

Guan, X., & Frenkel, S. J. (2019). Explaining supervisor–subordinate guanxi and subordinate performance through a conservation of resources lens. Human Relations, 72(11), 1752–1775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718813718

Gull, M., Parveen, S., & Sridadi, A. R. (2023). Resilient higher educational institutions in a world of digital transformation. Foresight. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-12-2022-0186

Hair, J. F, Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). 197. Sage Publications.

Hair, Joe F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202

Hair, Joe F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128

Hair, Joseph F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results and Higher Acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001

Hair, Joseph F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Halbesleben, J. R. B., & Wheeler, A. R. (2015). To Invest or Not? The Role of Coworker Support and Trust in Daily Reciprocal Gain Spirals of Helping Behavior. Journal of Management, 41(6), 1628–1650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312455246

Hameed, Z., Naeem, R. M., Hassan, M., Naeem, M., Nazim, M., & Maqbool, A. (2022). How GHRM is related to green creativity? A moderated mediation model of green transformational leadership and green perceived organizational support. International Journal of Manpower, 43(3), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-05-2020-0244

Harman, H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd ed). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=e-vMN68C3M4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=Harman,+H.+H.+(1976).+Modern+factor+analysis+(3rd+ed).+Chicago,+IL:+University+of+Chicago+Press.&ots=t6OkOwgO_z&sig=G5_bv6oiiVBci1JiNvXwTy_3zDg

Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513

Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062

Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307

Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640

Huning, T. M., Hurt, K. J., & Frieder, R. E. (2020). The effect of servant leadership, perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and job embeddedness on turnover intentions: An empirical investigation. Evidence-Based HRM, 8(2), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-06-2019-0049

Islam, T., Khan, M. M., Ahmed, I., & Mahmood, K. (2020). Promoting in-role and extra-role green behavior through ethical leadership: mediating role of green HRM and moderating role of individual green values. International Journal of Manpower, 42(6), 1102–1123. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-01-2020-0036

Jackson, S. E., Renwick, D. W. S., Jabbour, C. J. C., & Muller-Camen, M. (2011). State-of-the-Art and Future Directions for Green Human Resource Management: Introduction to the Special Issue. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 25(2), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/239700221102500203

Kalyar, M. N., Ali, F., & Shafique, I. (2021). Green mindfulness and green creativity nexus in hospitality industry: examining the effects of green process engagement and CSR. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(8), 2653–2675. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2020-1079

Karakas, F. (2010). Spirituality and performance in organizations: A literature review. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0251-5

Karatepe, O. M., & Aga, M. (2016). The effects of organization mission fulfillment and perceived organizational support on job performance: The mediating role of work engagement. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 34(3), 368–387. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-12-2014-0171

Karatepe, O. M., Hsieh, H., & Aboramadan, M. (2022). The effects of green human resource management and perceived organizational support for the environment on green and non-green hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103202

Korsgaard, M. A., Meglino, B. M., Lester, S. W., & Jeong, S. S. (2010). Paying You Back or Paying Me Forward: Understanding Rewarded and Unrewarded Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018137

Lamm, E., Tosti-Kharas, J., & King, C. E. (2015). Empowering Employee Sustainability: Perceived Organizational Support Toward the Environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2093-z

Lenzen, M., Sun, Y. Y., Faturay, F., Ting, Y. P., Geschke, A., & Malik, A. (2018). The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x

Li, W., Abdalla, A. A., Mohammad, T., Khassawneh, O., & Parveen, M. (2023). Towards Examining the Link Between Green HRM Practices and Employee Green in-Role Behavior: Spiritual Leadership as a Moderator. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 383–396. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S396114

Nawaz Khan, A. (2022). Is green leadership associated with employees’ green behavior? Role of green human resource management. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2022.2049595

Nguyen, L. T. Van, Conduit, J., Lu, V. N., & Rao Hill, S. (2020). Collective empowerment in online communities: conceptualization, scale refinement, and validation. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 28(3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2020.1758568

Omoyajowo, K., Danjin, M., Omoyajowo, K., Odipe, O., Mwadi, B., May, A., Amos Ogunyebi, & Rabie, M. (2023). Exploring the interplay of environmental conservation within spirituality and multicultural perspective: insights from a cross-sectional study. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03319-5

Ones, D. S., & Dilchert, S. (2013). Measuring, Understanding, and Influencing Employee Green Behaviors. Green Organizations: Driving Change with I-O Psychology, 115–148. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203142936-19

Paillé, P., & Boiral, O. (2013). Pro-environmental behavior at work: Construct validity and determinants. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.07.014

Paillé, P., & Meija-Morelos, J. H. (2019). Organisational support is not always enough to encourage employee environmental performance. The moderating role of exchange ideology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.192

Paillé, P., & Valéau, P. (2021). “I Don’t Owe You, But I Am Committed”: Does Felt Obligation Matter on the Effect of Green Training on Employee Environmental Commitment? Organization and Environment, 34(1), 123–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026620921453

PAKISTAN economic survey. (2021). In Economic Adviser’s Wing, Finance Division Government of Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.1038/479299e

Patwary, A. K. (2023). Examining environmentally responsible behaviour, environmental beliefs and conservation commitment of tourists: a path towards responsible consumption and production in tourism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5815–5824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22577-w

Patwary, A. K., Aziz, R. C., & Hashim, N. A. A. N. (2023). Investigating tourists’ intention toward green hotels in Malaysia: a direction on tourist sustainable consumption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(13), 38500–38511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24946-x

Patwary, A. K., Sharif, A., Aziz, R. C., Hassan, M. G. Bin, Najmi, A., & Rahman, M. K. (2023). Reducing environmental pollution by organisational citizenship behaviour in hospitality industry: the role of green employee involvement, performance management and dynamic capability. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(13), 37105–37117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24710-1

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452

Priyankara, H. P. R., Luo, F., Saeed, A., Nubuor, S. A., & Jayasuriya, M. P. F. (2018). How does leader’s support for environment promote organizational citizenship behaviour for environment? A multi-theory perspective. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010271

Rezapouraghdam, H., Alipour, H., & Darvishmotevali, M. (2018). Employee workplace spirituality and pro-environmental behavior in the hotel industry. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(5), 740–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1409229

Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.825

Robertson, J. L., & Barling, J. (2013). Greening organizations through leaders’ influence on employees’ pro-environmental behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(2), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1820

Robertson, J. L., & Barling, J. (2017). Toward a new measure of organizational environmental citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Research, 75, 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.02.007

Ruepert, A., Keizer, K., Steg, L., Maricchiolo, F., Carrus, G., Dumitru, A., García Mira, R., Stancu, A., & Moza, D. (2016). Environmental considerations in the organizational context: A pathway to pro-environmental behaviour at work. Energy Research and Social Science, 17, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.04.004

Saleem, M., Qadeer, F., Mahmood, F., Ariza-Montes, A., & Han, H. (2020). Ethical leadership and employee green behavior: A multilevel moderated mediation analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12083314

Sarkis, J., Gonzalez-Torre, P., & Adenso-Diaz, B. (2010). Stakeholder pressure and the adoption of environmental practices: The mediating effect of training. Journal of Operations Management, 28(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.10.001

Scherbaum, C. A., Popovich, P. M., & Finlinson, S. (2008). Exploring individual-level factors related to employee energy-conservation behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(3), 818–835. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00328.x

Sharma, P. N., & Kirkman, B. L. (2015). Leveraging Leaders: A Literature Review and Future Lines of Inquiry for Empowering Leadership Research. Group and Organization Management, 40(2), 193–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601115574906

Stoverink, A. C., Chiaburu, D. S., Li, N., & Zheng, X. (2018). Supporting team citizenship: The influence of team social resources on team-level affiliation-oriented and challenge-oriented behaviour. Human Resource Management Journal, 28(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12173

Teng, H. Y. (2019). Job crafting and customer service behaviors in the hospitality industry: Mediating effect of job passion. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 81, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.03.013

Usman, M., Ali, M., Ogbonnaya, C., & Babalola, M. T. (2021). Fueling the intrapreneurial spirit: A closer look at how spiritual leadership motivates employee intrapreneurial behaviors. Tourism Management, 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104227

Usman, M., Rofcanin, Y., Ali, M., Ogbonnaya, C., & Babalola, M. T. (2023). Toward a more sustainable environment: Understanding why and when green training promotes employees’ eco-friendly behaviors outside of work. Human Resource Management, 62(3), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22148

Vedula, S. B., & Agrawal, R. K. (2023). Mapping Spiritual Leadership: A Bibliometric Analysis and Synthesis of Past Milestones and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05346-8

Wang, Y., Jin, Y., Cheng, L., & Li, Y. (2021). The Influence of Spiritual Leadership on Harmonious Passion: A Case Study of the Hotel Industry in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730634

Wesselink, R., Blok, V., & Ringersma, J. (2017). Pro-environmental behaviour in the workplace and the role of managers and organisation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 1679–1687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.214

Wu, Z., & Pagell, M. (2011). Balancing priorities: Decision-making in sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Operations Management, 29(6), 577–590. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272696310000847?casa_token=1l6phmkXD-gAAAAA:q6YcgnzRejGSNTO-GsTYF3rQwRFwJXYj8-Q65qpM6RZpcr2RCQcH_PVLl4tMS2foofVDf5_H

Xie, J., Bhutta, Z. M., Li, D., & Andleeb, N. (2023). Green HRM practices for encouraging pro-environmental behavior among employees: the mediating influence of job satisfaction. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29362-3

Yang, F., Liu, J., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Feeling Energized: A Multilevel Model of Spiritual Leadership, Leader Integrity, Relational Energy, and Job Performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 983–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3713-1

Yeşiltaş, M., Gürlek, M., & Kenar, G. (2022). Organizational green culture and green employee behavior: Differences between green and non-green hotels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131051

Ying, M., Faraz, N. A., Ahmed, F., & Raza, A. (2020). How does servant leadership foster employees’ voluntary green behavior? A sequential mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051792

Zada, M., Zada, S., Khan, J., Saeed, I., Zhang, Y. J., Vega-Muñoz, A., & Salazar-Sepúlveda, G. (2022). Does Servant Leadership Control Psychological Distress in Crisis? Moderation and Mediation Mechanism. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 607–622. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S354093

Zhang, B., Yang, L., Cheng, X., & Chen, F. (2021). How does employee green behavior impact employee well-being? An empirical analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041669

Zhou, Y., Ning, Y., He, H., & Li, D. (2022). How and when does responsible leadership affect employees’ pro-environmental behavior? Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1079720

Zibarras, L., & Ballinger, C. (2011). Promoting environmental behaviour in the workplace: A survey of UK organisations. The Psychology of Sustainability in the Workplace, 84–90. http://www.cubeproject.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/BPS_DOP_GoingGreenAtWorkBook.pdf#page=86

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.