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Abstract
Background: Buffalo milk is an important source of nutrition in Pakistan; however, contamination from environmental factors such as coal mining activities can severely affect its quality and safety.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal content of buffalo milk collected from Mach, a coal mining area in Balochistan, to evaluate potential public health risks.
Methods: Thirty buffalo milk samples were collected from various farms in Mach City. Physicochemical properties were analyzed using a Master Milk Quality Analyzer, while heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy according to standard protocols.
Results: The milk samples generally met basic sensory standards, showing a uniform white color, normal flavor, and sweet taste. However, fat content ranged from 2.68% to 12.81%, protein content varied between 2.9% and 5.0%, and SNF levels fell below the PSQCA standard of 9.0% in a significant number of samples. Lactose and mineral salt deviations were found in 33% of the samples. Heavy metal analysis showed that copper and lead levels were within acceptable limits, while iron levels exceeded the Codex Alimentarius limit of 0.138 mg/L in 90% of samples. Cadmium levels ranged from 0.003 to 0.067 mg/L, and cobalt concentrations (0.010 mg/L) surpassed the IDF threshold in 57% of samples. Manganese levels (0.130–0.559 mg/L) also suggested potential health hazards.
Conclusion: These results highlight the urgent need for strict monitoring, improved feed and water management, and enforcement of regulatory standards to minimize health risks and ensure milk safety for consumers.
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