Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection and Its Management: A Review Review Article

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Published: 2025-09-30
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31580/dp2b9443
Keywords:
Antibiotic therapy, Nitrofurantoin, Perineal hygiene, Prevention, Risk factors, Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Main Article Content

Feroz khan
Center for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Muhammad Kamran Taj
Center for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Imran Taj
Center for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Sana Kiran
Center for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Muhammad Bilal
Center for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Saima Azam
Center for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Masroora Ali Khan
1. Center for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan; 2. Department of Microbiology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University (SBKWU), Quetta, Pakistan
Ishtiaq Ahmad
Internal Medicine Resident, Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center Wilkes-Barre, PA, United States
Nazira Rasheed
Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Muhammad Farooq
Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Zuha Babar
Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Hamza Khan
Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections affecting individuals of all ages and genders, with a higher incidence among females due to anatomical and physiological factors. It involves infection of any part of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. Various risk factors, such as poor personal hygiene, sexual activity, urinary retention, and the use of urinary catheters, influence the development of UTI. In women, hormonal changes during pregnancy and menopause further increase susceptibility, while in men, prostatic enlargement may lead to urinary stasis. Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, and structural abnormalities of the urinary tract also predispose individuals to infection. The management of UTI involves both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Empirical antibiotic therapy is initiated based on clinical symptoms and later adjusted according to urine culture and sensitivity results. Commonly used antibiotics for uncomplicated cases include nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and fosfomycin, while fluoroquinolones or beta-lactam antibiotics are reserved for complicated infections. Supportive measures, including adequate hydration, good perineal hygiene, and avoidance of irritants, play a vital role in recovery and prevention of recurrence. In recurrent or complicated cases, addressing the underlying causes, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, and patient education are essential. Effective management and prevention of UTIs require early diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial use and lifestyle modifications. Public awareness and adherence to preventive measures can significantly reduce the incidence and recurrence of UTIs, improving overall urinary health outcomes.

Article Details

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): July-September 2025

Section

Review Article
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection and Its Management: A Review: Review Article. (2025). Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, 8(3), 731-742. https://doi.org/10.31580/dp2b9443

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