Critical Review of CKD Medications in Cardiovascular Disease: Biochemical Effects and Therapeutic Implications

Review Article

Abstract

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder characterized by the gradual decline of renal function, often remaining asymptomatic until significant damage occurs. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste, excess fluids, and electrolytes from the bloodstream, which are then excreted as urine. In advanced stages, the accumulation of toxins and imbalanced electrolytes leads to severe complications, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of mortality in CKD patients. This study explores the pathophysiological relationship between CKD and CVD, identifying key risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia. According to WHO global health statistics from 2012, CKD contributed to 864,226 deaths worldwide, accounting for 15% of total deaths, with sudden cardiac arrest being the predominant cause. Given the strong association between CKD and CVD, effective therapeutic interventions are essential. This review highlights the role of approved pharmacological treatments, including SGLT-2 inhibitors, which have demonstrated significant benefits in improving renal function and reducing cardiovascular risk. By examining current treatment strategies and their biochemical effects, this study aims to enhance understanding of CKD management and provide insights into optimizing therapeutic approaches for better patient outcomes.