Epidemiology of Leishmania Tropica and Leishmania Infantum Infections in District Chitral for the Year 2021-2022

Abstract

This study presents a detailed epidemiological analysis of Leishmania Tropica and Leishmania Infentum infections in the Chitral District for the years 2021 and 2022, focusing on gender disparities, seasonal peaks, and regional hotspots.

Objectives: The primary objectives were to determine the infection patterns of L-Tropica and L-Infentum across different demographic groups, seasons, and regions, and to identify the potential environmental and socio-cultural factors contributing to these trends.

Methodology: A retrospective analysis was conducted using case data from health centers in the Chitral District. The study examined infection rates by gender, age, season, and location. Positive lab results were used to confirm active transmission in key areas. Data was analyzed to identify regional hotspots, seasonal peaks, and associated risk factors.

Results: Findings revealed a significant gender disparity, with males showing higher infection rates across all age groups and seasons. This is likely due to increased outdoor exposure and socio-cultural roles that make males more vulnerable to sandfly bites. Seasonal peaks occurred during the summer months, particularly in August, correlating with increased vector activity due to warmer temperatures and higher humidity levels. In 2021, L-Tropica cases were highest in August, with Torkhow and Chitral tehsils emerging as major transmission hotspots. Children aged 0-15 years were disproportionately affected, indicating heightened vulnerability in younger populations. Positive lab results confirmed active transmission in areas such as Ayun (Chitral) and Laspur (Torkhow). For L-Infentum in 2021, Torkhow and Mastuj were the primary zones of transmission, with cases peaking in the spring and summer months, suggesting a seasonal pattern linked to vector activity. The gender imbalance remained consistent across all age groups.

In 2022, the number of L-Tropica cases increased, with August again recording the highest incidence. Geographical clustering of cases in hotspots such as Booni (Torkhow) and Yarkhun (Mastuj) was observed, indicating that environmental factors such as altitude and proximity to water sources may play a role in disease transmission. Positive lab results in these areas further confirmed ongoing transmission cycles.

Conclusions: This study highlights the need for targeted interventions in high-risk areas, particularly during the summer months when transmission is highest. Gender-specific risk factors, including outdoor exposure, must be considered in developing prevention strategies. Community-based health education, combined with enhanced vector control measures during peak transmission periods, is essential to reduce the burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Chitral District.