The House Flies Musca Domestica as Mechanical Vector and Its Management to Control in Quetta City, Balochistan

Authors

  • Seher Gul Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Fazal ur Rehman Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Kamran Taj Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Saira Gul Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Masroora Ali Khan Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan and Department of Allied Medical Science (DAMS), Alhamd Islamic University, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Imran Taj Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Saima Azam Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Sakina Khan Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31580/87hj0c23

Keywords:

Control, House fly, Musca Domestica, Papulation

Abstract

Musca domestica, commonly known as the housefly, is a major insect pest that poses significant public health risks by transmitting diseases. Its control is essential to reduce its harmful impact. Key management strategies include maintaining cleanliness through regular waste disposal, particularly organic materials, and ensuring proper sanitation. Removing breeding grounds by eliminating standing water, food sources, and other attractants is also critical. Preventing fly entry through physical barriers like window and door screens can be effective, as well as using traps such as sticky traps, UV light traps, or bait traps to capture adult flies. Targeted use of insecticides, including residual sprays or aerosols, and biological controls like introducing natural predators or parasites, can further help control fly populations. Behavioral changes, such as reducing attractants through cultural control, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which combines multiple methods, are effective approaches. Additionally, proper waste management, regular cleaning of surfaces, covering food and drinks, and sealing entry points can further prevent disease spread. By applying a multi-faceted approach, we can effectively manage Musca domestica populations, lowering the risk of disease transmission and enhancing public health and safety.

References

Marshall SA. Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity: With a Photographic Guide to Insects of Eastern North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books; 2006.

Moon RD. Muscid flies (Muscidae). In: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2002;279-301.

Park R, Dzialo MC, Spaepen S, Nsabimana D, Gielens K, Devriese H, Crauwels S, Tito RY, Raes J, Lievens B, Verstrepen KJ. Microbial communities of the house fly Musca domestica vary with geographical location and habitat. Microbiome. 2019;7:1-2.

Keiding J. The Housefly: Biology and Control; [Training and Information Guide]. World Health Organization, Vector Biology and Control Division; 1986.

Walker AR. Arthropods of Humans and Domestic Animals: A Guide to Preliminary Identification. Springer Science & Business Media; 1994.

West LS. The housefly. Its natural history, medical importance, and control.

Yahaya MA, Obed G, Ejimadu LC, James Rugu NU. Microhabitats and pathogens of houseflies (Musca domestica): public health concern. Electron J Biol. 2016;12(4):374-80.

Saccä G. Comparative bionomics in the genus. Musca. A. Rev. Ent. 1964;9:341-58.

Nazni WA, Luke H, Rozita WW, Abdullah AG, Sa'diyah I, Azahari AH, Zamree I, Tan SB, Lee HL, Sofian-Azirun M. Determination of the flight range and dispersal of the house fly, Musca domestica (L.) using mark release recapture technique. Tropical biomedicine. 2005;22(1):53-61.

Emmanuel ON, OKORE OO, Ubiaru PC, Chika AB. Housefly-borne helminth parasites of Mouau and its public health implication for the university community. Animal Research International. 2016;13(1):2352-8.

Grübel P, Hoffman JS, Chong FK, Burstein NA, MePani C, Cave DR. Vector potential of houseflies (Musca domestica) for Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997;35(6):1300-3.

Crosskey RW, Lane RP. House-flies, blow-flies and their allies (calyptrate Diptera). In: Medical Insects and Arachnids. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 1993 Jul 31. p. 403-28.

Iqbal W, Malik MF, Sarwar MK, Azam I, Iram N, Rashda A. Role of housefly (Musca domestica, Diptera; Muscidae) as a disease vector; a review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology studies. 2014;2(2):159-63.

Bahrndorff S, Alemu T, Alemneh T, Lund Nielsen J. The microbiome of animals: implications for conservation biology. International journal of genomics. 2016;2016.

Shehata A, El-Waseif A, Waheeb H, Emam D, El-Tabakh M, Elghwas D. Abundance and Molecular Identification of House Fly Musca Domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) With Study to Associated Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology andFood Sciences. 2024;5:e10580.

Schaumburg F, Onwugamba FC, Akulenko R, Peters G, Mellmann A, Köck R, Becker K. A geospatial analysis of flies and the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2016;306(7):566-71.

Graczyk TK, Knight R, Gilman RH, Cranfield MR. The role of non-biting flies in the epidemiology of human infectious diseases. Microbes and Infection. 2001;3(3):231-5.

World Health Organization Antibiotic Resistance; 2018.

Mamza SA, Egwu GO, Mshelia GD. Beta-lactamase Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chickens in Nigeria. Veterinaria italiana. 2010;46(2):155-65.

Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhao F, Fan X, Zhong W, Qiao D, Cao Y. Multi-drug resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from flies at Chengdu airport, China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2013;44(6):988-96.

Parvez MAK, Marzan M, Khatun F, Ahmed MF, Mahmud SA, Rahman SR. Isolation of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria from common flies in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Entomol. 2016;13(4):141-7.

Zurek L, Gorham JR. Insects as vectors of foodborne pathogens. Wiley handbook of science and technology for homeland security. 2008:15:1.

Moriya K, Fujibayashi T, Yoshihara T, Matsuda A, Sumi N, Umezaki N, Kurahashi H, Agui N, Wada A, Watanabe H. Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157: H7 carried by the housefly in Japan. Medical & Veterinary Entomology. 1999;13(2).

Pava-Ripoll M, Pearson RE, Miller AK, Ziobro GC. Prevalence and relative risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes associated with the body surfaces and guts of individual filth flies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2012;78(22):7891-902.

Ahmad A, Nagaraja TG, Zurek L. Transmission of Escherichia coli O157: H7 to cattle by house flies. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2007;80(1):74-81.

Geden CJ, Nayduch D, Scott JG, Burgess IV ER, Gerry AC, Kaufman PE, Thomson J, Pickens V, Machtinger ET. House fly (Diptera: Muscidae): biology, pest status, current management prospects, and research needs. Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 2021;12(1):39.

Georgis R, Mullens BA, Meyer JA. Survival and movement of insect parasitic nematodes in poultry manure and their infectivity against Musca domestica. Journal of Nematology. 1987;19(3):292.

Douglass ES, Jesse C. Integrated pest management for fly control in Maine dairy farms. Texas Agricultural Extension Service. 2002;4(6):1-4.

Baise G. Smithfield lawsuit. Farm Prog. 2018.

Trumble JT. Caveat emptor: safety considerations for natural products used in arthropod control. American entomologist. 2002;48(1):7-13.

Lietze VU, Salem TZ, Prompiboon P, Boucias DG. Tissue tropism of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus. Virus research. 2011;155(1):20-7.

Mwamburi LA, Laing MD, Miller R. Laboratory and field evaluation of formulated Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as a feed additive and using topical applications for control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae in caged-poultry manure. Environmental entomology. 2011;40(1):52-8.

Urzúa A, Santander R, Echeverria J, Cabezas N, Palacios SM, Rossi Y. Insecticide properties of the essential oils from Haplopappus foliosus and Bahia ambrosoides against the house fly, Musca domestica L. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society. 2010;55(3):392-5.

Nicoletti M, Maccioni O, Coccioletti T, Mariani S, Vitali F. Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as source of bioinsectides. Insecticides-Advances in Integrated Pest Management. 2012;5:1-20.

Mathis W, Smith EA, Schoof HF. Use of air barriers to prevent entrance of house flies. Journal of economic entomology. 1970;63(1):29-31.

Acevedo GR, Zapater M, Toloza AC. Insecticide resistance of house fly, Musca domestica (L.) from Argentina. Parasitology research. 2009; 105:489-93.

Pangnakorn U, Kanlaya S, Kuntha C. Effect of wood vinegar for controlling on housefly (Musca domestica L.). International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. 2012;6(5):291-4.

Hogsette JA. Evaluation of Cluster Buster Fly Traps in a large commercial establishment. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. 2021;37(1):6-9.

Hanley ME, Cruickshanks KL, Dunn D, Stewart‐Jones A, Goulson D. Luring houseflies (Musca domestica) to traps: do cuticular hydrocarbons and visual cues increase catch? Medical and veterinary entomology. 2009;23(1):26-33.

Hinkle NC, Hogsette JA. A review of alternative controls for house flies. Insects. 2021;12(11):1042.

Hassan I, Ahmad I, Mahmood MT, Amer M, Abbas G, Hussain J, Mehmood T, Abbas W, Saeed MA, Asghar A, Abbas Z. Comparative Efficacy of Various Insecticides for the Control of White Fly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) on Guar (Cluster Bean) Crop under Arid Conditions. Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences. 2023;6(4):497-504.

Scott JG, Leichter CA, Rinkevihc FD, Harris SA, Su C, Aberegg LC, Moon R, Geden CJ, Gerry AC, Taylor DB, Byford RL. Insecticide resistance in house flies from the United States: resistance levels and frequency of pyrethroid resistance alleles. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology. 2013;107(3):377-4.

Downloads

Published

2024-09-30

Issue

Section

Research Article