Techniques for Monitoring Immune Responses in Animals Post Vaccination in the Era COVID-19
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Abstract
The immune response is a critical aspect of an organism's defense against pathogens and diseases. Monitoring immune responses in animals is essential for understanding the mechanisms of immunity, developing vaccines, and evaluating the efficacy of immunotherapies. This review article discusses various techniques for monitoring immune responses including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Serum virus neutralization (SVN) test, Haemoagglutination (HI) test, flow cytometry, ELISpot assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and imaging techniques for vaccine developed, the techniques monitoring both cellular and humoral immune response which are most important for vaccine machine understanding and mechanism. DNA vaccines have emerged as a promising approach in the field of immunization due to their ability to induce robust and long-lasting immune responses against a wide range of pathogens and diseases. Understanding and monitoring the immune responses elicited by DNA vaccines are crucial for assessing their efficacy, safety, and potential for clinical applications. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various techniques used for monitoring immune responses against DNA vaccines, with a focus on key immunological parameters, experimental methodologies, and recent advancements. Additionally, we discuss the significance of these monitoring techniques in advancing the development and optimization of DNA vaccines.
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References
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