Genetic Configuration of Mitochondrial DNA Among Hazara Tribes

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Published: Jun 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v6i2.2371
Keywords:
Hazara tribes, Hazarajat, Hypervariabe regions, mtDNA, Polymorphism, Variation

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Heera Batool
Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
Irfan Shahzad Sheikh
Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
Lyba Tanveer
Department of ENT, Government General Hospital, Ghulam Muhammad Abad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Masooma
Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta

Abstract

The Hazara people are one of just a few ethnic groups whose origin is unknown. Hazaras' ancestral homeland is Hazarajat. It is the third-largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. According to the ancient history, Hazaras are believed to be of Turko-Mangol origin because of Turk and Mangol tribes. The Hazaras speak Hazaragi and are divided into many sub-tribes. The Hazara sub-tribes have not been extensively studied for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup/haplotypes, despite their unique genetic makeup and historical migration patterns. Mitochondria are specialized energy-producing organelles which contain their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has distinct properties, such as a lack of recombination, a faster evolutionary pace, haploid maternal inheritance, and a larger copy number each cell and high rates of variation which is highly useful in challenging situations, such as those involving deteriorated and outdated samples. Mitochondrial DNA has become a widely used genetic marker that provides a distinctive maternal ancestry depiction of a person's genetic pin code worldwide. There are three hypervariable regions of mtDNA. HVR regions I and II show the greatest amount of individual differences, as these are highly polymorphic and have the highest levels of variation in the mtDNA making it a valuable tool for identifying human genome. Since these sections lack genes, they exhibit a mutation rate that is 10 times higher than the coding area.

Article Details

How to Cite
Heera Batool, Irfan Shahzad Sheikh, Lyba Tanveer, & Masooma. (2023). Genetic Configuration of Mitochondrial DNA Among Hazara Tribes. Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, 6(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v6i2.2371
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Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023): April-June
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Articles
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Heera Batool, Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta

The Hazara people are one of just a few ethnic groups whose origin is unknown. Hazaras' ancestral homeland is Hazarajat. It is the third-largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. According to the ancient history, Hazaras are believed to be of Turko-Mangol origin because of Turk and Mangol tribes. The Hazaras speak Hazaragi and are divided into many sub-tribes. The Hazara sub-tribes have not been extensively studied for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup/haplotypes, despite their unique genetic makeup and historical migration patterns. Mitochondria are specialized energy-producing organelles which contain their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has distinct properties, such as a lack of recombination, a faster evolutionary pace, haploid maternal inheritance, and a larger copy number each cell and high rates of variation which is highly useful in challenging situations, such as those involving deteriorated and outdated samples. Mitochondrial DNA has become a widely used genetic marker that provides a distinctive maternal ancestry depiction of a person's genetic pin code worldwide. There are three hypervariable regions of mtDNA. HVR regions I and II show the greatest amount of individual differences, as these are highly polymorphic and have the highest levels of variation in the mtDNA making it a valuable tool for identifying human genome. Since these sections lack genes, they exhibit a mutation rate that is 10 times higher than the coding area.

Irfan Shahzad Sheikh, Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta

The Hazara people are one of just a few ethnic groups whose origin is unknown. Hazaras' ancestral homeland is Hazarajat. It is the third-largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. According to the ancient history, Hazaras are believed to be of Turko-Mangol origin because of Turk and Mangol tribes. The Hazaras speak Hazaragi and are divided into many sub-tribes. The Hazara sub-tribes have not been extensively studied for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup/haplotypes, despite their unique genetic makeup and historical migration patterns. Mitochondria are specialized energy-producing organelles which contain their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has distinct properties, such as a lack of recombination, a faster evolutionary pace, haploid maternal inheritance, and a larger copy number each cell and high rates of variation which is highly useful in challenging situations, such as those involving deteriorated and outdated samples. Mitochondrial DNA has become a widely used genetic marker that provides a distinctive maternal ancestry depiction of a person's genetic pin code worldwide. There are three hypervariable regions of mtDNA. HVR regions I and II show the greatest amount of individual differences, as these are highly polymorphic and have the highest levels of variation in the mtDNA making it a valuable tool for identifying human genome. Since these sections lack genes, they exhibit a mutation rate that is 10 times higher than the coding area.

Lyba Tanveer, Department of ENT, Government General Hospital, Ghulam Muhammad Abad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

The Hazara people are one of just a few ethnic groups whose origin is unknown. Hazaras' ancestral homeland is Hazarajat. It is the third-largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. According to the ancient history, Hazaras are believed to be of Turko-Mangol origin because of Turk and Mangol tribes. The Hazaras speak Hazaragi and are divided into many sub-tribes. The Hazara sub-tribes have not been extensively studied for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup/haplotypes, despite their unique genetic makeup and historical migration patterns. Mitochondria are specialized energy-producing organelles which contain their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has distinct properties, such as a lack of recombination, a faster evolutionary pace, haploid maternal inheritance, and a larger copy number each cell and high rates of variation which is highly useful in challenging situations, such as those involving deteriorated and outdated samples. Mitochondrial DNA has become a widely used genetic marker that provides a distinctive maternal ancestry depiction of a person's genetic pin code worldwide. There are three hypervariable regions of mtDNA. HVR regions I and II show the greatest amount of individual differences, as these are highly polymorphic and have the highest levels of variation in the mtDNA making it a valuable tool for identifying human genome. Since these sections lack genes, they exhibit a mutation rate that is 10 times higher than the coding area.

Masooma, Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta

The Hazara people are one of just a few ethnic groups whose origin is unknown. Hazaras' ancestral homeland is Hazarajat. It is the third-largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. According to the ancient history, Hazaras are believed to be of Turko-Mangol origin because of Turk and Mangol tribes. The Hazaras speak Hazaragi and are divided into many sub-tribes. The Hazara sub-tribes have not been extensively studied for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup/haplotypes, despite their unique genetic makeup and historical migration patterns. Mitochondria are specialized energy-producing organelles which contain their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has distinct properties, such as a lack of recombination, a faster evolutionary pace, haploid maternal inheritance, and a larger copy number each cell and high rates of variation which is highly useful in challenging situations, such as those involving deteriorated and outdated samples. Mitochondrial DNA has become a widely used genetic marker that provides a distinctive maternal ancestry depiction of a person's genetic pin code worldwide. There are three hypervariable regions of mtDNA. HVR regions I and II show the greatest amount of individual differences, as these are highly polymorphic and have the highest levels of variation in the mtDNA making it a valuable tool for identifying human genome. Since these sections lack genes, they exhibit a mutation rate that is 10 times higher than the coding area.

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