Epidemiological, Clinical Characteristics and Possible Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) During Early Situation in Population of District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v4i4.2339Keywords:
Pandemic, Coronavirus disease, Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Abstract
Globally, the Coronavirus is a persistent health problem. Numerous risk factors for mortality in COVID-19 have been identified. The purpose of this study is to examine the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and treatment base regimen of hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 outbreak. For the screening clinic, Swab specimens of their oropharynx and nasopharyngeal were collected in a single viral-transport medium tube and transported to the Khyber Medical University laboratory for the quantitative identification Real-Time PCR test. All the data were analyzed through a Microsoft Excel worksheet. In a total of 435 patients,156 patients were COVID-19 positive of which 110 (71%) were male and a high positivity rate were found in between 30 to 50 years age group. High transmission rates 69 (44%) were found among the local population. The majority of the patients came with a fever 105 (67%), cough 89 (57%) were second most common sign symptom. Hypertension 30 (34%) is the most common underlying condition as compared to others. The highest mortality rate was found in female 15% and age group >71. Azithromycin were the most common treatment regimen as compared to others. The current study concluded that a high rate of positivity was found in the male and age group between 30 to 50. Contact with the local population, direct contact, contact with a family member, and unknown sources were the main routes cause of transmission. The most presented clinical sign symptoms were fever. Hypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease were co-morbidities in most of the COV-19 positive patients. The current study also concluded that Azithromycin and Hydroxy chloroquine were the most commonly used treatment regimen during an early pandemic.
References
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31. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
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38. UlHaq Z, Shahzad M, Khattak MI, Fazid S, Ullah N, Shireen A, et al. Clinical Characteristics, Mortality and Associated risk factors in COVID-19 patients reported in ten major hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 2020;32(4):S633-S9.
39. Ahmad D, Afzal M, Imtiaz AJFBJ. Effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children in Pakistan. 2020;6(1):1-11.
40. Tuite A, Bogoch I, Sherbo RJAIM. Estimation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) burden and potential for international dissemination of infection from Iran [published online March 16, 2020].
41. Ahmad M, Beg BM, Majeed A, Areej S, Riffat S, Rasheed MA, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19: a retrospective multi-center study in Pakistan. 2021;9:342.
42. Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique RJJoar. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. 2020;24:91.
43. Schettino M, Pellegrini L, Picascia D, Saibeni S, Bezzio C, Bini F, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in Northern Italy: a single-center cohort study. 2021;116(2):306-10.
44. Qian G-Q, Yang N-B, Ding F, Ma AHY, Wang Z-Y, Shen Y-F, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 91 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: a retrospective, multi-centre case series. 2020;113(7):474-81.
45. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli RJS. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). 2021.
46. Weng L-M, Su X, Wang X-QJJoPR. Pain symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a literature review. 2021;14:147.
47. Asghar MS, Kazmi SJH, Khan NA, Akram M, Khan SA, Rasheed U, et al. Clinical profiles, characteristics, and outcomes of the first 100 admitted COVID-19 patients in Pakistan: a single-center retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi. 2020;12(6).
48. Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patient: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020;94:91-5.
49. Naveed M, Naeem M, ur Rahman M, Hilal MG, Khel MAK, Ali G, et al. Who is a potential risk groups to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) A-Review. 2021:100849.
50. Emami A, Javanmardi F, Akbari A, Kojuri J, Bakhtiari H, Rezaei T, et al. Survival rate in hypertensive patients with COVID-19. 2021;43(1):77-80.
51. Zhang J-j, Dong X, Cao Y-y, Yuan Y-d, Yang Y-b, Yan Y-q, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS?CoV?2 in Wuhan, China. 2020;75(7):1730-41.
52. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
53. Li H, Wang S, Zhong F, Bao W, Li Y, Liu L, et al. Age-dependent risks of incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in Hubei Province and other parts of China. 2020;7:190.
54. Chen L, Yu J, He W, Chen L, Yuan G, Dong F, et al. Risk factors for death in 1859 subjects with COVID-19. 2020;34(8):2173-83.
55. Albitar O, Ballouze R, Ooi JP, Ghadzi SMSJDr, practice c. Risk factors for mortality among COVID-19 patients. 2020;166:108293.
56. Wise J. Covid-19: Known risk factors fail to explain the increased risk of death among people from ethnic minorities. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020.
57. Hassan SM, Sohail H, Iftikhar A, Rathore R, Fatima QJIJCMPH. Pharmacologic agents for the management of COVID-19: a review. 2021;8(446):10.18203.
58. Gasmi A, Peana M, Noor S, Lysiuk R, Menzel A, Benahmed AG, et al. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: the never-ending story. 2021:1-11.
59. Platel R, Vaure L, Palleau E, Raffy S, Guérin F, Lagarde D, et al. Synthesis of hybrid colloidal nanoparticles for a generic approach to 3D electrostatic directed assembly: application to anti-counterfeiting. 2021;582:1243-50.
60. Faria CGF, Weiner L, Petrignet J, Hingray C, Santamaria ÁRDP, Villoutreix BO, et al. Antihistamine and cationic amphiphilic drugs, old molecules as new tools against the COVID-19? 2021;148:110508.
61. Day M. Covid-19: ibuprofen should not be used for managing symptoms, say doctors and scientists. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020
