Ruellia nudiflora-Mediated Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential Antioxidant, Antifungal and Antibacterial Applications against Selected Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v4i4.2294Keywords:
Silver nanoparticles, Multi-drug resistant isolates, Ruellia nudiflora, green synthesis, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activityAbstract
Among various Nano-technological fields, green chemistry is an eco-friendly, inexpensive, easy, and fast method for synthesizing nanoparticles. Therefore, it has influenced researchers and scientists from various fields to create an innovative way to produce nanoparticles. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using an aqueous leaves extract of Ruellia nudiflora. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized through different techniques such as UV visible spectrophotometer, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). Using the scanning electron microscope, the green synthesized (AgNPs) displayed a spherical shape with an average size of 16 nm. Synthesis of AgNPs was visually observed through a change in color from light brown to dark brown. The presence of AgNPs in the solution was confirmed by using UV-Vis Spectroscopy. After characterization, the AgNPs were tested against clinical isolated multiple drug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae by using the standard agar well diffusion method. The results revealed that AgNPs inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis, K. pneumonia, and E. coli with inhibition zones of 9±2.1 mm, 15±2.4mm, and 13±2.3mm, respectively. AgNPs have also tested against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The antifungal activity against A. flavus and A. niger was 67% and 57% (in mm), respectively. It was concluded that green synthesized AgNPs showed promising antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity in vitro; however, this formulation may be tested in vivo to evaluate its efficacy further.
References
1. Othman L, Sleiman A, Abdel-Massih RM. Antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and alkaloids in Middle Eastern plants. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:911.
2. Belkin A, Hubler A, Bezryadin A. Self-assembled wiggling nano-structures and the principle of maximum entropy production. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8323.
3. Jeevanandam J, Barhoum A, Chan YS, Dufresne A, Danquah MK. Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:1050-74.
4. Bankier C, Matharu RK, Cheong YK, Ren GG, Cloutman-Green E, Ciric L. Synergistic antibacterial effects of metallic nanoparticle combinations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1-8.
5. Raj S, Mali SC, Trivedi R. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) leaf extract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2814-9.
6. Hamouda RA, Hussein MH, Abo-elmagd RA, Bawazir SS. Synthesis and biological characterization of silver nanoparticles derived from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1-7.
7. Mikhailov OV, Mikhailova EO. Elemental Silver Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and Bio Applications. Materials 2019; 12:3177.
8. Smith DR, Fickett FR Low-temperature properties of silver. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 1995; 100:119.
9. Politano AD, Campbell KT, Rosenberger LH, Sawyer RG.Use of silver in the prevention and treatment of infections: silver review. Surg Infect 2013; 14:8-20.
10. Iravani S, Korbekandi H, Mirmohammadi SV, Zolfaghari B. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods. Res Pharm Sci 2014 ; 9:385.
11. Zhuang Y, Tripp EA. The draft genome of Ruellia speciosa (beautiful wild petunia: acanthaceae). DNA Res 2017; 24:179-92.
12. Vasantharaj S, Sathiyavimal S, Senthilkumar P, LewisOscar F, Pugazhendhi A. Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Ruellia tuberosa: antimicrobial properties and their applications in photocatalytic degradation. J Potochem Photobiol B 2019; 192:74-82.
13. Ananthakrishnan M, Doss VA. Effect of 50% hydro-ethanolic leaf extracts of Ruellia tuberosa L. And dipteracanthus patulus (jacq.) on lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4:744.
14. Geethalakshmi R, Sarada DV. Gold and silver nanoparticles from Trianthema decandra: synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties. Int J Nanomed icin 2012; 7:5375.
15. Varadavenkatesan T, Selvaraj R, Vinayagam R. Dye degradation and antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Ipomoea digitata Linn. flower extract. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2019; 16:2395-404.
16. Varadavenkatesan T, Vinayagam R, Selvaraj R. Structural characterization of silver nanoparticles phyto-mediated by a plant waste, seed hull of Vigna mungo and their biological applications. J Mol Struct 2017; 1147:629-35.
17. Charannya S, Duraivel D, Padminee K, Poorni S, Nishanthine C, Srinivasan MR. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate when used alone and in combination assessed using agar diffusion method: An In vitro study. Contemporary clinical dentistry 2018; 9:204.
18. Haq MN, Wazir SM, Ullah F, Khan RA, Shah MS, Khatak A. Phytochemical and biological evaluation of defatted seeds of Jatropha curcas. Sains Malays 2016; 45:1435-42.
19. Nagaich U, Gulati N, Chauhan S. Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles: biogenic synthesis utilizing apple extract. J Pharma 2016; 6:1-8.
20. Okafor F, Janen A, Kukhtareva T, Edwards V, Curley M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their characterization, application and antibacterial activity Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10:5221-38
21. Ajitha B, Reddy YA, Reddy PS. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Lantana camara leaf extract. Mater Sci Eng 2015; 49:373-81.
22. Chinnasamy G, Chandrasekharan S, Bhatnagar S. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from melia azedarach: Enhancement of antibacterial, wound healing, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9823.
23. Balashanmugam P, Kalaichelvan , Cassia roxburghii DC. Biosynthesis characterization of silver nanoparticles using. aqueous extract, and coated on cotton cloth for effective antibacterial activity. Int J Nanomedicine PT 2015; 10:87.
24. Othman, A.M., et al,. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles induced by fungal proteins and its application in different biological activities. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2019; 17: 8.
25. Dobrucka R. Biofabrication of platinum nanoparticles using Fumariae herba extract and their catalytic properties. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:31-7.
26. Murugan K, Senthilkumar B, Senbagam D, Al-Sohaibani S. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acacia leucophloea extract and their antibacterial activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2431.
27. Nasar MQ, Khalil AT, Ali M, Shah M, Ayaz M, Shinwari ZK. Phytochemical analysis, Ephedra Procera CA Mey. Mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their cytotoxic and antimicrobial potentials. Medicina 2019; 55:369.
28. Loo YY, Rukayadi Y, Nor-Khaizura MA, Kuan CH, Chieng BW, Nishibuchi M, Radu S. In vitro antimicrobial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against selected gram-negative foodborne pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1555.
29. Mickymaray S. One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles using saudi arabian desert seasonal plant Sisymbrium irio and antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Biomolecules 2019; 9:662.
30. Ruiz-Romero P, Valdez-Salas B, González-Mendoza D, Mendez-Trujillo V. Antifungal effects of silver phytonanoparticles from Yucca shilerifera against strawberry soil-borne pathogens: Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Mycobiology 2018; 46:47-51.
31. Mallmann EJ, Cunha FA, Castro BN, Maciel AM, Menezes EA, Fechine PB. Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 2015; 57:165-7.
32. Mohanta YK, Panda SK, Jayabalan R, Sharma N, Bastia AK, Mohanta TK. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb.). Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:14.
33. Otunola GA, Afolayan AJ, Ajayi EO, Odeyemi SW. Characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extracts of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, and Capsicum frutescens. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:201-208..
34. Salari S, Bahabadi SE, Samzadeh-Kermani A, Yosefzaei F. In-vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of GreenSynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Prosopis farcta Fruit Extract. Iran J Pharm Res 2019; 18:430-455.
2. Belkin A, Hubler A, Bezryadin A. Self-assembled wiggling nano-structures and the principle of maximum entropy production. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8323.
3. Jeevanandam J, Barhoum A, Chan YS, Dufresne A, Danquah MK. Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:1050-74.
4. Bankier C, Matharu RK, Cheong YK, Ren GG, Cloutman-Green E, Ciric L. Synergistic antibacterial effects of metallic nanoparticle combinations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1-8.
5. Raj S, Mali SC, Trivedi R. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) leaf extract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2814-9.
6. Hamouda RA, Hussein MH, Abo-elmagd RA, Bawazir SS. Synthesis and biological characterization of silver nanoparticles derived from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1-7.
7. Mikhailov OV, Mikhailova EO. Elemental Silver Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and Bio Applications. Materials 2019; 12:3177.
8. Smith DR, Fickett FR Low-temperature properties of silver. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 1995; 100:119.
9. Politano AD, Campbell KT, Rosenberger LH, Sawyer RG.Use of silver in the prevention and treatment of infections: silver review. Surg Infect 2013; 14:8-20.
10. Iravani S, Korbekandi H, Mirmohammadi SV, Zolfaghari B. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods. Res Pharm Sci 2014 ; 9:385.
11. Zhuang Y, Tripp EA. The draft genome of Ruellia speciosa (beautiful wild petunia: acanthaceae). DNA Res 2017; 24:179-92.
12. Vasantharaj S, Sathiyavimal S, Senthilkumar P, LewisOscar F, Pugazhendhi A. Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Ruellia tuberosa: antimicrobial properties and their applications in photocatalytic degradation. J Potochem Photobiol B 2019; 192:74-82.
13. Ananthakrishnan M, Doss VA. Effect of 50% hydro-ethanolic leaf extracts of Ruellia tuberosa L. And dipteracanthus patulus (jacq.) on lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4:744.
14. Geethalakshmi R, Sarada DV. Gold and silver nanoparticles from Trianthema decandra: synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties. Int J Nanomed icin 2012; 7:5375.
15. Varadavenkatesan T, Selvaraj R, Vinayagam R. Dye degradation and antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Ipomoea digitata Linn. flower extract. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2019; 16:2395-404.
16. Varadavenkatesan T, Vinayagam R, Selvaraj R. Structural characterization of silver nanoparticles phyto-mediated by a plant waste, seed hull of Vigna mungo and their biological applications. J Mol Struct 2017; 1147:629-35.
17. Charannya S, Duraivel D, Padminee K, Poorni S, Nishanthine C, Srinivasan MR. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate when used alone and in combination assessed using agar diffusion method: An In vitro study. Contemporary clinical dentistry 2018; 9:204.
18. Haq MN, Wazir SM, Ullah F, Khan RA, Shah MS, Khatak A. Phytochemical and biological evaluation of defatted seeds of Jatropha curcas. Sains Malays 2016; 45:1435-42.
19. Nagaich U, Gulati N, Chauhan S. Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles: biogenic synthesis utilizing apple extract. J Pharma 2016; 6:1-8.
20. Okafor F, Janen A, Kukhtareva T, Edwards V, Curley M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their characterization, application and antibacterial activity Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10:5221-38
21. Ajitha B, Reddy YA, Reddy PS. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Lantana camara leaf extract. Mater Sci Eng 2015; 49:373-81.
22. Chinnasamy G, Chandrasekharan S, Bhatnagar S. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from melia azedarach: Enhancement of antibacterial, wound healing, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9823.
23. Balashanmugam P, Kalaichelvan , Cassia roxburghii DC. Biosynthesis characterization of silver nanoparticles using. aqueous extract, and coated on cotton cloth for effective antibacterial activity. Int J Nanomedicine PT 2015; 10:87.
24. Othman, A.M., et al,. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles induced by fungal proteins and its application in different biological activities. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2019; 17: 8.
25. Dobrucka R. Biofabrication of platinum nanoparticles using Fumariae herba extract and their catalytic properties. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:31-7.
26. Murugan K, Senthilkumar B, Senbagam D, Al-Sohaibani S. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acacia leucophloea extract and their antibacterial activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2431.
27. Nasar MQ, Khalil AT, Ali M, Shah M, Ayaz M, Shinwari ZK. Phytochemical analysis, Ephedra Procera CA Mey. Mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their cytotoxic and antimicrobial potentials. Medicina 2019; 55:369.
28. Loo YY, Rukayadi Y, Nor-Khaizura MA, Kuan CH, Chieng BW, Nishibuchi M, Radu S. In vitro antimicrobial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against selected gram-negative foodborne pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1555.
29. Mickymaray S. One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles using saudi arabian desert seasonal plant Sisymbrium irio and antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Biomolecules 2019; 9:662.
30. Ruiz-Romero P, Valdez-Salas B, González-Mendoza D, Mendez-Trujillo V. Antifungal effects of silver phytonanoparticles from Yucca shilerifera against strawberry soil-borne pathogens: Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Mycobiology 2018; 46:47-51.
31. Mallmann EJ, Cunha FA, Castro BN, Maciel AM, Menezes EA, Fechine PB. Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 2015; 57:165-7.
32. Mohanta YK, Panda SK, Jayabalan R, Sharma N, Bastia AK, Mohanta TK. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb.). Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:14.
33. Otunola GA, Afolayan AJ, Ajayi EO, Odeyemi SW. Characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extracts of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, and Capsicum frutescens. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:201-208..
34. Salari S, Bahabadi SE, Samzadeh-Kermani A, Yosefzaei F. In-vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of GreenSynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Prosopis farcta Fruit Extract. Iran J Pharm Res 2019; 18:430-455.
