Study of Association between DRD2 Polymorphism and Aggressive Behavior in Prisoners
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v4i4.2187Keywords:
KEY WORDS: Aggression, Behavior, Criminal, DRD2, Prisoner, SNPsAbstract
Abstract: Aggression is defined as any act of anger or antipathy towards others. Aggressive behavior includes inflicting physical harm or verbal humiliation to the victim. This behavior depends on attitude, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, persuasion and genetics. Polymorphism in exon 7 of DRD2 gene is found to be associated with this high level of aggression among humans. Total 40 saliva samples in which 20 prisoners were selected from District Jail, Jhang (Punjab) and 20 control samples were obtained. Amplification of selected segments of exon 7 of DRD2 gene DNA was performed using Chain Termination Method. Three polymorphisms 67555 T>C, 67525 T>C and 67543 C>T within DRD2 gene were found in the criminal samples while no SNP was found in control sample. In Buss and Perry questionnaire, the criminal group obtained (28.2, 20.4, 27.3 and 28.1) while control groups obtained (19.31, 17.59, 23, and 23.63) marks in physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility respectively. The P-value was 0.0340 which is significant. These results provided genetic evidence regarding the involvement of DRD2 gene as a potential contributor towards aggression and violence. The present study is significant in determining the level of aggression in convicted offenders. Many anti psychotic drugs can be prepared by the pharmacists against the targeted regions to lessen the level of aggression as well.
key words: Aggression, Behavior, Criminal, DRD2, Prisoner, SNPs
References
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2. Do, E.K., et al., The role of genetic and environmental influences on the association between childhood ADHD symptoms and BMI. International Journal of Obesity, 2019. 43(1): p. 33-42.
3. Buss, D.M. and T.K. Shackelford, Human aggression in evolutionary psychological perspective. Clinical psychology review, 1997. 17(6): p. 605-619.
4. Ferguson, C.J., An evolutionary approach to understanding violent antisocial behavior: diagnostic implications for a dual-process etiology. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 2008. 8(4): p. 321-343.
5. Zai, C.C., et al., Dopaminergic system genes in childhood aggression: possible role for DRD2. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2012. 13(1): p. 65-74.
6. Leary, M.R., et al., Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings.
Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 2003. 29(3): p. 202-214.
7. Johnson, J.G., et al., Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. science, 2002. 295(5564): p. 2468-2471.
8. Swan, L.E., et al., Discrimination and intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration among a convenience sample of LGBT individuals in Latin America. Journal of interpersonal violence, 2019: p. 0886260519844774.
9. Little, T.D., et al., Rethinking aggression: A typological examination of the functions of aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 2003: p. 343-369.
10. Bubenzer-Busch, S., et al., Neural correlates of reactive aggression in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2016. 133(4): p. 310-323.
11. Geen, R.G. and E.D. Donnerstein, Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for social policy1998: Elsevier.
12. Kempes, M., et al., Reactive and proactive aggression in children A review of theory, findings and the relevance for child and adolescent psychiatry. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2005. 14(1): p. 11-19.
13. Yudofsky, S.C., et al., The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression. The American journal of psychiatry, 1986.
14. Davidson, R.J., K.M. Putnam, and C.L. Larson, Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation--a possible prelude to violence. science, 2000. 289(5479): p. 591-594.
15. Coccaro, E.F., Central serotonin and impulsive aggression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1989. 155(S8): p. 52-62.
16. Marshall, S.E., et al., Unified approach to the analysis of genetic variation in serotonergic pathways. American journal of medical genetics, 1999. 88(6): p. 621-627.
17. Chen, T.J., et al., Are dopaminergic genes involved in a predisposition to pathological aggression?: Hypothesizing the importance of “super normal controls” in psychiatricgenetic research of complex behavioral disorders. Medical hypotheses, 2005. 65(4): p. 703-707.
18. Shah, S.S., et al., Y haplogroups and aggressive behavior in a Pakistani ethnic group. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 2009. 35(1): p. 68-74.
19. Novaco, R.W. and J.L. Taylor, Assessment of Anger and Aggression in Male Offenders With Developmental Disabilities. Psychological Assessment, 2004. 16(1): p. 42.
20. Mills, R.S., Taking stock of the developmental literature on shame. Developmental review, 2005. 25(1): p. 26-63.
21. Cho, W., et al., Biological aspects of aggression and violence in schizophrenia. Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience, 2019. 17(4): p. 475.
22. Najafabadi, M.S., et al., Association between the DRD2 A1 allele and opium addiction in the Iranian population. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 2005. 134(1): p. 39-41.
23. Armstrong, T.A., et al., Monoamine oxidase A genotype, childhood adversity, and criminal behavior in an incarcerated sample. Psychiatric genetics, 2014. 24(4): p. 164-171.
24. Volavka, J., R. Bilder, and K. Nolan, Catecholamines and aggression: the role of COMT and MAO polymorphisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2004. 1036(1): p. 393- 398.
25. Patton, J.H., M.S. Stanford, and E.S. Barratt, Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of clinical psychology, 1995. 51(6): p. 768-774.
26. Weeland, J., et al., Underlying mechanisms of gene–environment interactions in externalizing behavior: A systematic review and search for theoretical mechanisms. Clinical child and family psychology review, 2015. 18(4): p. 413-442.
27. Schwab-Reese, L.M., E.A. Parker, and C. Peek-Asa, The interaction of dopamine genes and financial stressors to predict adulthood intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of interpersonal violence, 2020. 35(5-6): p. 1251-1268.
28. Qadeer, M.I., et al., Polymorphisms in dopaminergic system genes; association with criminal behavior and self-reported aggression in violent prison inmates from Pakistan. PloS one, 2017. 12(6): p. e0173571.
29. Samochowiec, J., et al., Family-based and case-control study of DRD2, DAT, 5HTT, COMT genes polymorphisms in alcohol dependence. Neuroscience letters, 2006. 410(1): p. 1-5.
30. Guo, G., M.E. Roettger, and J.C. Shih, Contributions of the DAT1 and DRD2 genes to serious and violent delinquency among adolescents and young adults. Human genetics, 2007. 121(1): p. 125-136.
31. Wang, T.-J., et al., Possible interaction between MAOA and DRD2 genes associated with antisocial alcoholism among Han Chinese men in Taiwan. Progress in Neuro- Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 2007. 31(1): p. 108-114.
32. Aluja, A., J. Fibla, and L. García, P-695-COMT and DRD2 polymorphisms and antisocial personality disorder. European Psychiatry, 2012. 27(S1): p. 1-1.
33. Comings, D.E., et al., The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. Jama, 1991. 266(13): p. 1793-1800.
34. AL-Awadi, S.J., Association of the A1 allele of D2 dopamine Receptor gene Polymorphisms with Alcohol and Drug abuse among some of Iraqi Population. Iraqi journal of biotechnology, 2017. 16(1).
35. Vaughn, M.G., et al., DAT1 and 5HTT are associated with pathological criminal behavior in a nationally representative sample of youth. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2009. 36(11): p. 1113-1124.
