A Comparative Study to Determine the Nutritive Value of National Brands and Locally Baked Cookies, Detection of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Quetta

Authors

  • Saadiya Mujeeb CASVAB, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Farhat Abbas Bukhari center for advanced studies in vaccinology and biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Nadeem Rashid center for advanced studies in vaccinology and biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Iqra Mujeeb Department of Microbiology, BUITEMS, Quetta
  • Asadullah Center for advanced studies in vaccinology and biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Babar Hilal Ahmad Abbasi center for advanced studies in vaccinology and biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Irshad Ahmad Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  • Tahir Hameed center for advanced studies in vaccinology and biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Muhammad Asaf Khan Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Mian Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v5i2.2172

Keywords:

Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxigenic fungi, Branded biscuits, Local biscuits, Nutritive value, Rancidity, Wheat biscuits

Abstract

It’s worthy to get knowledge about the nutritional value of the food which is being consumed by people so far. Various forms of malnutrition are the reason of suffering for millions of the people in each corner of the world. Biscuits have got popularity in Pakistani culture. They are being baked locally and well-known brands are also its suppliers. Nutritional value of local biscuits is still unknown. The aim of the study was to analyze proximate value of local biscuits and branded biscuits, their comparison and determination of rancidity, AFB1 and aflatoxigenic fungi as they prevail in wheat products and peanuts. So, 16 local biscuits samples and 16 branded biscuit samples were selected for analysis. AOAC methods were used for proximate analysis, TLC for AFB1 detection. Proximate analysis showed local biscuits have following mean values for: protein 12.01%, ether extracts 26.625, crude fiber 1.25%, moisture 40.28%, and ash 0.52%. On the other hand, mean value of protein was observed 7.47%, ether extracts 22.26%, crude fiber 0.89%, moisture 2.66%, and ash 0.56% in the branded biscuits. Rancidity of branded biscuits was having mean value 0.39 mEq and locally baked biscuits were having 0.55 mEq but both were able to consume. So, it shows local biscuits are good source of nutrition and fit for consumption for all the ages. In local biscuit samples 87.5% had low contamination level and 12.50% samples had medium level. In contrast, no branded sample has crossed the permissible limit of AFB1 and aflatoxigenic fungi was detected in none of the sample.

Author Biographies

  • Asadullah, Center for advanced studies in vaccinology and biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
    It’s worthy to get knowledge about the nutritional value of the food which is being consumed by people so far. Various forms of malnutrition are the reason of suffering for millions of the people in each corner of the world. Biscuits have got popularity in Pakistani culture. They are being baked locally and well-known brands are also its suppliers. Nutritional value of local biscuits is still unknown. The aim of the study was to analyze proximate value of local biscuits and branded biscuits, their comparison and determination of rancidity, AFB1 and aflatoxigenic fungi as they prevail in wheat products and peanuts. So, 16 local biscuits samples and 16 branded biscuit samples were selected for analysis. AOAC methods were used for proximate analysis, TLC for AFB1 detection. Proximate analysis showed local biscuits have following mean values for: protein 12.01%, ether extracts 26.625, crude fiber 1.25%, moisture 40.28%, and ash 0.52%. On the other hand, mean value of protein was observed 7.47%, ether extracts 22.26%, crude fiber 0.89%, moisture 2.66%, and ash 0.56% in the branded biscuits. Rancidity of branded biscuits was having mean value 0.39 mEq and locally baked biscuits were having 0.55 mEq but both were able to consume. So, it shows local biscuits are good source of nutrition and fit for consumption for all the ages. In local biscuit samples 87.5% had low contamination level and 12.50% samples had medium level. In contrast, no branded sample has crossed the permissible limit of AFB1 and aflatoxigenic fungi was detected in none of the sample.
  • Irshad Ahmad, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
    It’s worthy to get knowledge about the nutritional value of the food which is being consumed by people so far. Various forms of malnutrition are the reason of suffering for millions of the people in each corner of the world. Biscuits have got popularity in Pakistani culture. They are being baked locally and well-known brands are also its suppliers. Nutritional value of local biscuits is still unknown. The aim of the study was to analyze proximate value of local biscuits and branded biscuits, their comparison and determination of rancidity, AFB1 and aflatoxigenic fungi as they prevail in wheat products and peanuts. So, 16 local biscuits samples and 16 branded biscuit samples were selected for analysis. AOAC methods were used for proximate analysis, TLC for AFB1 detection. Proximate analysis showed local biscuits have following mean values for: protein 12.01%, ether extracts 26.625, crude fiber 1.25%, moisture 40.28%, and ash 0.52%. On the other hand, mean value of protein was observed 7.47%, ether extracts 22.26%, crude fiber 0.89%, moisture 2.66%, and ash 0.56% in the branded biscuits. Rancidity of branded biscuits was having mean value 0.39 mEq and locally baked biscuits were having 0.55 mEq but both were able to consume. So, it shows local biscuits are good source of nutrition and fit for consumption for all the ages. In local biscuit samples 87.5% had low contamination level and 12.50% samples had medium level. In contrast, no branded sample has crossed the permissible limit of AFB1 and aflatoxigenic fungi was detected in none of the sample.
  • Muhammad Asaf Khan, Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Mian Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
    It’s worthy to get knowledge about the nutritional value of the food which is being consumed by people so far. Various forms of malnutrition are the reason of suffering for millions of the people in each corner of the world. Biscuits have got popularity in Pakistani culture. They are being baked locally and well-known brands are also its suppliers. Nutritional value of local biscuits is still unknown. The aim of the study was to analyze proximate value of local biscuits and branded biscuits, their comparison and determination of rancidity, AFB1 and aflatoxigenic fungi as they prevail in wheat products and peanuts. So, 16 local biscuits samples and 16 branded biscuit samples were selected for analysis. AOAC methods were used for proximate analysis, TLC for AFB1 detection. Proximate analysis showed local biscuits have following mean values for: protein 12.01%, ether extracts 26.625, crude fiber 1.25%, moisture 40.28%, and ash 0.52%. On the other hand, mean value of protein was observed 7.47%, ether extracts 22.26%, crude fiber 0.89%, moisture 2.66%, and ash 0.56% in the branded biscuits. Rancidity of branded biscuits was having mean value 0.39 mEq and locally baked biscuits were having 0.55 mEq but both were able to consume. So, it shows local biscuits are good source of nutrition and fit for consumption for all the ages. In local biscuit samples 87.5% had low contamination level and 12.50% samples had medium level. In contrast, no branded sample has crossed the permissible limit of AFB1 and aflatoxigenic fungi was detected in none of the sample.

References

Acha, N P, Szyfres, B 2003 Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC. Third ed., vol. 1

https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/ntds/echinococcosis/zoonosesvol-3.pdf?sfvrsn=7a04da2a_4&download=true

Akova M, Gur D, Livermore DM, Kocagoz T, Akalin HE 1999 In vitro activities of antibiotics alone and in combination against Brucella melitensis at neutral and acidic pHs. Antimicrobial agents chemotherapy 43: 1298 - 300 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89265/

Akova M, Uzun O, Akalin HE, Hayran M, Unal S, Gur D 1993 Quinolones in the treatment of human brucellosis; comparative trial of ofloxacin-rifampin versus doxycycline rifampin. Antimicrobial agents chemotherapy 37: 1831- 4

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1346783/

Allardet Servent A, Bourg G, Ramuz M, Bellis M, Roizes G 1988 DNA polymorphism in strains of the genus Brucella. Journal of Bacteriology 170:4603-7

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890850800903384

Al-Mariri, A, A. Tibor, P. Mertens, X. De Bolle, P. Michel, J. Godfroid, K. Walravens, and J. J. Letesson 2001 Induction of immune response in BALB/c mice with a DNA vaccine encoding bacterioferritin or P39 of Brucella spp. Infection and Immunity. 69: 6264 -6270 https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/iai.69.10.6264-6270.2001

Amato Gauci AJ 1995 The return of brucellosis. Maltese Medical Journal. 7:7-8

https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/713?mode=full

Araj GF, Lulu AR, Mustafa MY, Khateeb MI 1 1986 Evaluation of ELISA in the diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis in human beings. Journal of Hygiene, Cambridge 97: 457-69 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082895/

Ariza J, Pellicer T, Pallarés R, Foz A, Gudiol F 1992 Specific antibody profile in human brucellosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 14:131-40 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4456252

Baba MM, SE Sarkindared and F Brisibe 2001 Serological evidence of brucellosis among predisposed patients with pyrexia of unknown origin in the north eastern Nigeria. Cent Eur J Pub Health. 9: 158 - 161 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11505741/

Babiuk, L, Pontarollo, R, Babiuk, S, Loehr, B. and van Drunen Little van den Hurk, S 2003 Induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines in large animals. Vaccine 21, 649 -658 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10948256_Induction_of_immune_responses_by_DNA_vaccines_in_large_animals

Baldi PC, Giambartolomei GH 2013 Pathogenesis and pathobiology of zoonotic brucellosis in humans. Rev Sci Tech. 32 (1):117-125 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23837370/

Banai M, Mayer I, Cohen A 1990 Isolation, identification and characterization in Israel of Brucella melitensisbiovar 1 atypical strains susceptible to dyes and penicillin, an indication of the evolution of a new variant. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:1057-9.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2191005/

Beckett, F. W, and S. C. MacDiarmid 1987 Persistent serological titers following reduced dose Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccinations. British Veterinary Journal 143:477-9

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3119143/

Bhat S, Maqbool S, Shah S, Nisar, N, Solanki, C, Abbas, M, & Singh, S 2012 Brucellosis: A review International journal of Livestock Research, 2(3), 74- 83 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627605/pdf/9204307.pdf

Boura P, Tsapas G, Kountouras J, Zaharioudaki E 1995 Interferon-A 2a administration in chronic anergic brucellosis. Hepato-gastroenterology; 42: 919-22

http://www.ssu.ac.ir/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Moavenatha/MBehdashti/Pishgiri_Bimariha/00malt2/29.pdf

Bruce, D 1887 Note on the discovery of a microorganism in Malta fever. The Practicioner 39: 161–170. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902972/document

Campero, C. M, P. W. Ladds, D. Hoffmann, B. Duffield, D Watson, and G. Fordyce 1990 Immunopathology of experimental Brucella abortus strain 19 infections of the genitalia of bulls. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 24:235-46

http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34769/InTech-Brucellosis_vaccines_an_overview.pdf

Caron E, Peyrard T, Kohler S, Cabane S, Liautard J-P, Dornand J 1994 Live Brucella spp. fail to induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha excretion upon infection of U937- derived phagocytes. Infection and Immunity. 62:5267-74

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC303264/

Cassataro, J., C. A Velikovsky, G. H. Giambartolomei, S. Estein, L. Bruno, A. Cloeckaert, R. A. Bowden, M. Spitz, and C. A. Fossati 2002 Immunogenicity of the Brucella melitensis recombinant ribosome recycling factor-homologous protein and its cDNA. Vaccine 20:1660-1669 https://vetsci.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0118JVS/jvs-13-287.pdf

Chain PS, Comerci DJ, Tolmasky ME, Larimer FW, Malfatti SA, Vergez LM, Aguero F, Land ML, Ugalde RA, Garcia E 2005 Whole genome analyses of speciation events in pathogenic Brucellae. Infection and Immunity. 2005, 73(12):8353-8361

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417401/

Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos 1996 Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 75:195-211

https://journals.lww.com/mdjournal/citation/1996/07000/complications_associated_withbrucella.3.aspx

Corbel MJ 1991 Identification of dye-sensitive strains of Brucella melitensis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29:1066-8

https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jcm.29.5.1066-1068.1991

Corbel MJ, Morgan WJB 1920 Genus Brucella Meyer and Shaw, 173 AL In: Holt JG, editor. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology vol. 1. Baltimore (MD): Williams and Wilkins. 1984:377-88

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14015667_Brucellosis_An_Overview

Corbel MJ, Thomas EL 1985 Use of phage for the identification of Brucella canis and Brucella ovis cultures”. Res Vet Sci. 35:35-40 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3975479/

Corner, L A, and G. G Alton 1981 Persistence of Brucella abortus strain 19 infections in adult cattle vaccinated with reduced doses. Research in Veterinary Science. 31:342-4

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6805054/

Das S, Kuila P, Dutta D, Chakrabarty U, Chatterjee D 2017 Comparison of serological tests and PCR for diagnosis of human brucellosis suffering from fever. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.10 (5):109-11

https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ajpcr/article/view/17016

Dean AS, Crump L, Greter H, Hattendorf J, Schelling E, Zinsstag J 2012 Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6: e1929 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23236528/

Dean AS, Crump L, Greter H, Schelling E, Zinsstag J 2012 Global Burden of Human Brucellosis: A Systematic Review of Disease Frequency. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6(10): 1865 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145195/

Delrue RM, Lestrate P, Tibor A, Letesson JJ, De Bolle X 2004 Brucella pathogenesis, genes identified from random large-scale screens. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 231: 1-12

https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/231/1/1/508105

Dizer U, Hayat L, Beker CM 2005 The effect of the doxycycline rifampicin and levamisole combination on lymphocyte subgroups and functions of phagocytic cells in patients with chronic brucellosis. Chemotherapy 51: 27- 31 https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/84020

Erasmus, J A, and M. C Erasmus 1987 The use of reduced-dose Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine in the control of bovine brucellosis. African Veterinary Association. 58:71-5

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4063777/

Ficht TA, Bearden SW, Sowa BA, Adams LG 1989 DNA sequence and expression of the 36-kilodalton outer membrane protein gene of Brucella abortus. Infection and Immunity 57:3281-91 https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/185580

Goldbaum FA, Leoni J, Walach JC, Fossati CA 1993 Characterizations of an 18-kilodalton Brucella cytoplasmic protein which appears to be a serological marker of active infection of both human and bovine brucellosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31:2141-5

https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/jcm.31.8.2141-2145.1993

Gonzalez Smith A, Vemulapalli R, Andrews E and Onate A 2005 Evaluation of Brucella abortus DNA vaccine by expression of Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase antigen fused to IL-2. Immunobiology 211(1-2):65-74 https://europepmc.org/article/med/16446171

Grillo MJ, MJ DeMiguel, PM Munoz, CM Marin, J Ariza and JM Blasco 2006 Efficacy of several antibiotic combinations against Brucella melitensis Rev1 experimental infection in BALB/c mice. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 58: 622–626

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16849379/

Gurunathan, S, C Y Wu, B L Freidag, and R A Seder 2000 DNA vaccines: a key for inducing long-term cellular immunity. Current Opinion in Immunology. 12:442 – 447

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10899026/

He Y, Xiang Z, Mobley HL Vaxign 2010 The first web based vaccine design program for reverse vaccinology and applications for vaccine development. Journal of Biomedical and Biotechnology, Article ID 297505, 15 pages https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20671958/

Herr, S, and L A Te Brugge 1985 Profile of serological reactions following adult cow inoculation with standard dose Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 56:93-6

https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-015-0199-7

Je?yna CZ Bruceloza 1983 Brucellosis In: Boron P. Chorobyodzwierz?ce. PZWL. Warszawa. 66 -72

http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-d734f59d-dfd9-44e9-be70-7250bede49d1

Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Brucellosis 1986 Sixth Report World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser No. 740 Geneva: World Health Organization

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40202

Kassur B. Bruceloza 1974 In: Kassur B Infectious and invasive diseases PZWL Warszawa. 162 -71 http://www.aaem.pl/Brucellosis-in-humans-etiology-diagnostics-clinical-forms,71918,0,2.html

Khuri Bulos NA, Daoud AH, Azab SM 1993 Treatment of childhood brucellosis: results of a prospective trail on 113 childred. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 12:377 – 81

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8327297/

Kolman S, Maayan MC, Gotesman G, Roszenstain LA, Wolach B, Lang R 1991 Comparison of the Bactec and lysis concentration method for the recovery of Brucella species from clinical specimens. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 10:647-8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627605/pdf/9204307.pdf

Lapaque N, Moriyon I, Moreno E, Grovel JP 2005 Brucella lipopolysaccharide acts as a virulence factor. Current Opinion in Microbiology 8: 60 – 66

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15694858/

Matar FM, Khreissir IA, Abdonoor AM 1996 Rapid laboratory confirmation of human brucellosis by PCR analysis of a target sequence on the 31- kilo Dalton Brucella antigen DNA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34:477-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8789045/

McDermott JJ and SM Arimi 2002 Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, control and impact. Veterinary Microbiology 90: 111-134

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12414138/

Minas M, Minas A, Gourgulianis K, Stournara A 2007 Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human brucellosis in Central Greece. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 60: 362 -366 https://jps.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.pdf

Mukhtar F and F Kokab 2008 Brucella serology in abattoir workers. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad. 20: 57-61

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19610518/

Munoz Montesino, C., E. Andrews, R Rivers, A Gonzalez Smith, G. Moraga Cid, H Folch, S. Cespedes, and A. A. Onate 2004 Intraspleen delivery of a DNA vaccine coding for superoxide dismutase (SOD) of Brucella abortus induces SOD - specific CD4_ and CD8_ T cells. Infection and Immunity 72:2081-2087

https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/iai.72.4.2081-2087.2004

O Hara MJ, Collins DM, Lisle GW 1985 Restriction endonuclease analysis of Brucella ovis and other Brucella species. Veterinary Microbiology.10:425 -9

http://www.sciquest.org.nz/node/46037

OIE 2009 Terrestrial Animal Health Code Brucellosis, Accessed on 2 March, 2010. http://www.oie.int/

Onate, A, S Cespedes, A Cabrera, R. Rivers, A. Gonzalez, C. Munoz, H. Folch, and E. Andrews 2003 A DNA vaccine encoding Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase of Brucella abortus induces protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Infection and Immunity. 71:4857 - 4861

https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/iai.71.9.4857-4861.2003

Pappas G, Memish ZA 2007 Brucellosis in the Middle East: a persistent medical, socioeconomic, and political issue. Journal of Chemotherapy. 19(3):243–248.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ipid/2018/8751921/

Pappas G, P Papadimitriou, N Akritidis, L Christou and E VTsianos, 2006 The new global map of human brucellosis. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 6: 91-99

http://www.sciepub.com/reference/202452

Pappas, G, Akritidis, N, Tsianos, E., 2005 Effective treatments in the management of brucellosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6, 201- 209

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmra050570

Park MY, Lee CS, Choi YS, Park SJ, Lee JS and Lee HB, 2005 A sporadic outbreak of human brucellosis in Korea. J Korean Med Sci, 20: 941-946.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16361801/

Printzis S, Raptopoulou Gigi M, Orphanou Koumerkeridou H, Lagre F, Goulis G. 1994 Immunotherapy in chronic brucellosis. Effect of levamisole and interferon; mechanisms of action and clinical value. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 16: 679-93

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7876467/

Refai M, 2000 Control of brucellosis in animals in Egypt. In: Proc. 2nd Intern. Symp. Cum Workshop of the Germany–Egypt-Region Inter-Alumni-Net (GEAR), St. Catherine, Germany.

http://www.pvj.com.pk/pdf-files/27_3/page%20145-151.pdf

Seleem M.N, Boyle, S.M, Sriranganathan, N 2008 Brucella: a pathogen without classic virulence genes. Veterinary Microbiology 129: 1-14 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18226477/

Shafee M, Rabbani, M Sheikh, A and Razzaq A 2011 Prevalence of bovine brucellosis in organized dairy farms, using milk ELISA, in Quetta City, Balochistan, Pakistan. Veterinary medicine international. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/vmi/2011/358950/

Shakir RA 1986 Neuro brucellosis. Postgraduate Medical Journal 62:1077-9

https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-pdf/57/7/1056/961570/cit398.pdf

Sharma HK, Kotwal SK, Singh DK, Malik MA, Kumar A, Rajagunalan 2016 Sero prevalence of human brucellosis in and around Jammu India, using different serological tests Veterinary World 9(7):742-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27536036/

Solera J, Martinez Alfaro E, Saez L 1994 Metaanalysis of the efficacy of the combination of rifampicin and doxycycline in the treatment of human brucellosis. Medicina Clínica102: 731-38 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8041202/

Solera J, Martinez Alfaro E, Espinosa, A 1997 Recognition and optimum treatment of brucellosis. Drugs 53, 245 – 256 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9028744/

Solomon HM, Jackson D 1992 Rapid diagnosis of Brucella melitensis in blood; some operational characteristics of the BACT / ALERT. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 28:2139 – 41 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1734057/

Stanzin Zadon and Narinder Singh Sharma, 2015 Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis in Different Agro Climatic Regions of Punjab. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10: 577-583 https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajava.2015.577.583

Velikovsky, C A, J. Cassataro, H. Giambartolomei, F A. Goldbaum, S. Estein, R. A. Bowden, L. Bruno, C. A. Fossati, and M. Spitz 2002 A DNA vaccine encoding lumazine synthase from Brucella abortus induces protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Infection Immunity. 70:2507 – 2511 https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/iai.70.5.2507-2511.2002

Wachnik Z 1983 Outline of animal infectious diseases PWN. Warszawa

http://www.aaem.pl/pdf-71918-9145?filename=Brucellosis%20in%20humans%20_.pdf

World organization for animal health (OIE). Chapter 2.4.3. Bovine brucellosis. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Paris: OIE; 2009 Pdf. Accessed: July 27, 2010

http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/2008/pdf/2.04.03_BOVINE_BRUCELL

Zukiewicz Sobczak, W A, Chmielewska Badora, J, Wroblewska, P, & Zwolinski, J 2013 Farmers’ occupational diseases of allergenic and zoonotic origin. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology 30(5) 311

https://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc88/rep-vi-1.htm

Downloads

Published

2022-06-30 — Updated on 2022-06-30

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2022): April-June 2022

Section

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.