Epidemilogical Feathures Of Esophageal Carcinoma in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v4iSpecial%20Is.2143Keywords:
Esophageal Cancer (ESC), Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC), Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC), Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Computed Tomography (CT scan),Abstract
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is often fatal disease with one of the most common type of cancers worldwide. It has two main histopathological subtype named as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Rresearch on Health-care is an ignored department in Pakistan and esophageal cancer related research which ranks fifth in Pakistani female and ninth in male, is no different with respect to this. Particularly, data regarding the epidemiological studies of esophageal cancer status in Pakistan is in scanty. Especially the province of Pakistan, Balochistan is showing the greatest incidence with a frequency of 4.1/100000 currently. There a is further, need of data baes studies to measure the exact burden of esophageal cancer in Pakistan particularly in Balochistan which also needs to implement surveillance programs to aware our nation towards etiological factors related to life style as well as disease for esophageal cancer. As health care department is neglected in our province, many of the patients do not survive due to lack of awareness, late diagnosis and severity of disease. This study aims for describing the effort to design a systematic measurement and provide a direction for epidemiological and demonstrative characteristics of tumor for the sake of better prevention and/or treatment strategies in future. We report the estimation of patients till 2021, with respect to demographic characters, diagnosis, histopathological subtypes and treatment.
Keywords: Esophageal Cancer (ESC), Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC), Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC), Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Computed Tomography (CT scan),
References
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[28] Spechler, S. J., Sperber, H., Doos, W. G., & Schimmel, E. M. (1983). The prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in patients with chronic peptic esophageal strictures. Digestive diseases and Sciences, 28(9), 769-774.
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[41] Fatima, I., Yasmin, R., Kamal, M., & Harani, M. (2013). Occurrence of esophageal carcinoma in different age group in Karachi. Pak J Pathol, 24(2), 1-3.
[42] Amer, M. H. (1985). Epidemiologic aspects of esophageal cancer in Saudi Arabian patients. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 5(2), 69-77.
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[2] Enzinger, P. C., & Mayer, R. J. (2003). Esophageal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(23), 2241-2252.
[3] Ali, A., Naseem, M., & Khan, T. M. (2009). Oesophageal cancer in northern areas of Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 21(2), 148–150.
[4] Lepage, C., Rachet, B., Jooste, V., Faivre, J., & Coleman, M. P. (2008). Continuing rapid increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma in England and Wales. The American journal of gastroenterology, 103(11), 2694–2699.
[5] American Cancer Society. Global Cancer Facts & Figures. 3rd ed. Atlanta, Ga.: American Cancer Society; 2015. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-044738.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2016.
[6] Cook, M. B., Chow, W. H., & Devesa, S. S. (2009). Oesophageal cancer incidence in the United States by race, sex, and histologic type, 1977–2005. British journal of cancer, 101(5), 855-859.
[7] Ashktorab, H., Nouri, Z., Nouraie, M., Razjouyan, H., Lee, E. E., Dowlati, E., ... & Smoot, D. T. (2011). Esophageal carcinoma in African Americans: a five-decade experience. Digestive diseases and sciences, 56(12), 3577-3582.
[8] Freedman, N. D., Abnet, C. C., Leitzmann, M. F., Mouw, T., Subar, A. F., Hollenbeck, A. R., & Schatzkin, A. (2007). A prospective study of tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes. American journal of epidemiology, 165(12), 1424-1433.
[9] Zendehdel, K., Nyrén, O., Edberg, A., & Ye, W. (2011). Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in achalasia patients, a retrospective cohort study in Sweden. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 106(1), 57-61.
[10] Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al., eds.; National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2013. Based on November 2015 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER website, April 2016. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2013/. Accessed Setpember 21, 2016.
[11] Rubenstein, J. H., & Taylor, J. B. (2010). Meta?analysis: the association of oesophageal adenocarcinoma with symptoms of gastro?oesophageal reflux. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 32(10), 1222-1227.
[12] Turati, F., Tramacere, I., La Vecchia, C., & Negri, E. (2013). A meta-analysis of body mass index and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Annals of oncology, 24(3), 609-617.
[13] Tramacere, I., La Vecchia, C., & Negri, E. (2011). Brief Report: Tobacco Smoking and Esophageal and Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma: A Meta-analysis. Epidemiology, 344-349.
[14] Hvid-Jensen, F., Pedersen, L., Drewes, A. M., Sørensen, H. T., & Funch-Jensen, P. (2011). Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett's esophagus. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(15), 1375-1383.
[15] Gadour, M. O., & Ayoola, E. A. (2004). The frequency of upper gastrointestinal malignancy in Gizan. Saudi journal of gastroenterology: official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association, 10(1), 16–21.
[16] Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D., & Bray, F. (2015). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International journal of cancer, 136(5), E359–E386.
[17] Pakzad, R., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Khosravi, B., Soltani, S., Pakzad, I., Mohammadian, M., Salehiniya, H., & Momenimovahed, Z. (2016). The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer and their relationship to development in Asia. Annals of translational medicine, 4(2), 29.
[18] Alidina, A., Siddiqui, T., Burney, I., Jafri, W., Hussain, F., & Ahmed, M. (2004). Esophageal cancer--a review. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 54(3), 136–141.
[19] Bhurgri, Y., Bhurgri, A., Hassan, S. H., Zaidi, S. H., Rahim, A., Sankaranarayanan, R., & Parkin, D. M. (2000). Cancer incidence in Karachi, Pakistan: first results from Karachi Cancer Registry. International journal of cancer, 85(3), 325–329.
[20] Bhurgri, Y., Faridi, N., Kazi, L. A., Ali, S. K., Bhurgri, H., Usman, A., Malik, J., Bhurgri, A., Ahmed, R., Muzaffar, S., Kayani, N., Pervez, S., & Hasan, S. H. (2004). Cancer esophagus Karachi 1995-2002: epidemiology, risk factors and trends. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 54(7), 345–348.
[21] Bhurgri, Y., Pervez, S., Usman, A., Khan, J. A., Bhurgri, A., Kasi, Q., Kasi, I., Rasool, A. G., Faridi, N., Bhurgri, H., Ajam, A., Ajam, A., Malik, J., & Hasan, S. H. (2002). Cancer patterns in Quetta (1998-1999). JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 52(12), 560–565.
[22] Bhurgri, Y., Bhurgri, A., Hussainy, A. S., Faridi, N., Bhurgri, H., Usman, A., Mirza, J., Malik, J., Muzaffar, S., Kayani, N., Pervez, S., & Hasan, S. H. (2003). Incidence of cancer esophagus in Quetta and Karachi, Pakistan. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 22(5), 170–172.
[23] Roohullah, & Khursheed, A & Burdey, G & Hamdani, S & Javaid, Imran & Nusrat, J. (2001). Cancer of esophagus: ten years experience at CENAR, Quetta. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC. 13. 4-7.
[24] Roohullah, Khurshee MA, Shah MA, et al (2005). An alarming occurence of esophageal cancer in Balochistan. Pakistan J Med Res, 44, 101-4.
[25] Napier, K. J., Scheerer, M., & Misra, S. (2014). Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities. World journal of gastrointestinal oncology, 6(5), 112–120.
[26] Rustgi, A. K., & El-Serag, H. B. (2014). Esophageal carcinoma. The New England journal of medicine, 371(26), 2499–2509.
[27] O’Connor, J. B., Falk, G. W., & Richter, J. E. (1999). The incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: report on the Cleveland Clinic Barrett’s Esophagus Registry. The American journal of gastroenterology, 94(8), 2037-2042.
[28] Spechler, S. J., Sperber, H., Doos, W. G., & Schimmel, E. M. (1983). The prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in patients with chronic peptic esophageal strictures. Digestive diseases and Sciences, 28(9), 769-774.
[29] Zhang, H. Z., Jin, G. F., & Shen, H. B. (2012). Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations. Chinese journal of cancer, 31(6), 281.
[30] Salehiniya, H., Hassanipour, S., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mohseni, S., Joukar, F., Abdzadeh, E., ... & Arab-Zozani, M. (2018). The incidence of esophageal cancer in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(7), 2493-2503.
[31] Jamal, B. S., & Sharif, M. M. A. (2010). Esophageal cancer in Pakistan–is it really extension of Asian cancer belt. PAFMJ, 60(2), 158-60.
[32] Qureshi, M. A., Mirza, T., Khan, S., & Sikandar, B. (2015). Cancer registration in Pakistan: a dilemma that needs to be resolved. International journal of cancer, 136(6), E773.
[33] Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research (2013). Centre Annual cancer registry report [cited 2016 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.shaukatkhanum.org.pk/images/ skm_img/downloads/pdf/acrr-2013.pdf
[34] Hamrah, M. S., Hamrah, M. H., Rabi, M., Wu, H. X., Hao, C. N., Harun-Or-Rashid, M., ... & Ishii, H. (2015). Prevalence of esophageal cancer in the northern part of afghanistan. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(24), 10981-10984.
[35] Liang, H., Fan, J. H., & Qiao, Y. L. (2017). Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China. Cancer biology & medicine, 14(1), 33–41.
[36] ud Din, R., Mahsud, I., Khan, N., Iqbal, K., & Khan, H. (2010). Study of carcinoma esophagus in Dera Ismail Khan. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(2).
[37] Hou, H., Meng, Z., Zhao, X., Ding, G., Sun, M., Wang, W., & Wang, Y. (2019). Survival of esophageal cancer in China: A pooled analysis on hospital-based studies from 2000 to 2018. Frontiers in oncology, 9, 548.
[38] Hafeez, M., Majeed, F. A., Tariq, M., Khan, T. S., Ateeque, S., & Khattak, A. L. (2019). DEMOGRAPHIC VARANCE OF PRIMARY ESOPHAGEAL CANCER, BASED ON LOCATION AND HISTOPATHOLOGY IN PUNJAB-PAKISTAN. PAFMJ, 69(6), 1346-50.
[39] sadat Yousefi, M., Sharifi-Esfahani, M., Pourgholam-Amiji, N., Afshar, M., Sadeghi-Gandomani, H., Otroshi, O., & Salehiniya, H. (2018). Esophageal cancer in the world: incidence, mortality and risk factors. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(7), 2504-2517.
[40] Globocan (2012). Population fact sheets, 2010 [cited 2016 Feb 03]. Available from http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/ fact_sheets_population.aspx.
[41] Fatima, I., Yasmin, R., Kamal, M., & Harani, M. (2013). Occurrence of esophageal carcinoma in different age group in Karachi. Pak J Pathol, 24(2), 1-3.
[42] Amer, M. H. (1985). Epidemiologic aspects of esophageal cancer in Saudi Arabian patients. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 5(2), 69-77.
[43] Samarasam, I. (2017). Esophageal cancer in India: Current status and future perspectives. International Journal of Advanced Medical and Health Research, 4(1), 5.
[44] Varghese, T. K., Hofstetter, W. L., Rizk, N. P., Low, D. E., Darling, G. E., Watson, T. J., ... & Krasna, M. J. (2013). The society of thoracic surgeons guidelines on the diagnosis and staging of patients with esophageal cancer. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 96(1), 346-356.
[45] Ajani, J. A., D’Amico, T. A., Almhanna, K., Bentrem, D. J., Besh, S., Chao, J., ... & Sundar, H. (2015). Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers, version 1.2015. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 13(2), 194-227.
[46] Early, D. S., Ben-Menachem, T., Decker, G. A., Evans, J. A., Fanelli, R. D., Fisher, D. A., ... & Cash, B. D. (2012). Appropriate use of GI endoscopy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 75(6), 1127-1131.
[47] Rice, T. W., Blackstone, E. H., & Rusch, V. W. (2010). of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Annals of surgical oncology, 17(7), 1721-1724.
[48] Fitzgerald, R. C., Di Pietro, M., Ragunath, K., Ang, Y., Kang, J. Y., Watson, P., ... & De Caestecker, J. (2014). British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut, 63(1), 7-
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2022-04-30
