Contaminated Waste Water Irrigation and its Impacts on Human Health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v4iSpecial%20Is.1802Keywords:
Bioremediation, Wastewater, Food toxicityAbstract
Water is the basic need of life and an important component in agricultural practices. Microorganisms are present in the irrigation water, are easy transferred to humans through the consumption of these vegetables becoming the source of illness in many cases of foodborne diseases. The leafy vegetables are more risky for the human as the leaves of the plants contains a greater amount of microorganisms and consumption of fresh leafy plants are susceptible to cause illness in human beings. Wastewater contaminated food cause toxicity. Microorganisms are present in sewage water used for irrigation, which is the most common practices. Water is mostly contaminated with the heavy metals causes many diseases such as lung cancer, allergic reaction , gastrointestinal, abnormalities of the skeletal system, kidney damage, prostate, skin rash, nose irritations, genetic material alteration, liver and kidney damage, weakened immune system , biochemical effects in humans, synthesis of hemoglobin etc. some of the microorganism are highly resistant towards the heavy metals and resist in the presence of heavy metals.
Bioremediation can be obtained, uses microorganisms to modify toxic pollutants to obtain energy and biomass production in the process. This kind of process is termed as bioremediation uses microorganisms for degradation of pollutants.
References
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2. Siebert, R., M. Toogood, and A. Knierim, Factors affecting European farmers' participation in biodiversity policies. Sociologia ruralis, 2006. 46(4): p. 318-340.
3. Miraglia, M., et al., Climate change and food safety: an emerging issue with special focus on Europe. Food and chemical toxicology, 2009. 47(5): p. 1009-1021.
4. Brodt, S., K. Klonsky, and L. Tourte, Farmer goals and management styles: implications for advancing biologically based agriculture. Agricultural systems, 2006. 89(1): p. 90-105.
5. Wang, S.-L., et al., Heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of South China: a review. Marine pollution bulletin, 2013. 76(1-2): p. 7-15.
6. Zhuang, R.Y. and L. Beuchat, Effectiveness of trisodium phosphate for killing Salmonella montevideo on tomatoes. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 1996. 22(2): p. 97-100.
7. Chavan, P.D. and B. Karadge, Influence of salinity on mineral nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.). Plant and Soil, 1980. 54(1): p. 5-13.
8. Qadir, M., et al., Phytoremediation of sodic and saline?sodic soils. Advances in agronomy, 2007. 96: p. 197-247.
9. Dugatkin, L.A., Tit for Tat, by-product mutualism and predator inspection: a reply to Connor. Animal Behaviour, 1996. 51(2): p. 455-457.
10. Huang, W.-C., et al., Epidemiologic features of Kawasaki disease in Taiwan, 2003–2006. Pediatrics, 2009. 123(3): p. e401-e405.
11. Maas, E.V. and S. Grattan, Crop yields as affected by salinity. Agronomy, 1999. 38: p. 55-110.
12. Ayers, R.S. and D.W. Westcot, Water quality for agriculture. Vol. 29. 1985: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome.
13. Zobel, R.W., T.B. Kinraide, and V.C. Baligar, Fine root diameters can change in response to changes in nutrient concentrations. Plant and Soil, 2007. 297(1-2): p. 243-254.
14. Zheljazkov, V. and I. Zhalnov, Effect of herbicides on yield and quality of Coriandrum sativum L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1995. 7(6): p. 633-639.
15. Raikwar, M.K., et al., Toxic effect of heavy metals in livestock health. Veterinary world, 2008. 1(1): p. 28.
16. Mildvan, A.S., 9 Metals in Enzyme Catalsis, in The enzymes. 1970, Elsevier. p. 445-536.
17. Lubczynski, M., et al. Dry seasonal Kalahari sap flow measurements for tree transpiration mapping: Serowe study case, Botswana. in Water resources of arid areas: proceedings of the international conference on water resources of arid and semi arid regions of Africa WRASRA, August 3-6th, 2004, Gaborone, Botswana. 2004. Balkema.
18. Dib-Hajj, S., et al., NaN/Nav1. 9: a sodium channel with unique properties. Trends in neurosciences, 2002. 25(5): p. 253-259.
19. Wilson, B. and F. Pyatt, Heavy metal dispersion, persistance, and bioccumulation around an ancient copper mine situated in Anglesey, UK. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 2007. 66(2): p. 224-231.
20. Wang, J., et al., A local mechanism mediates NAD-dependent protection of axon degeneration. J Cell Biol, 2005. 170(3): p. 349-355.
21. Kuriakose, S., T.S. Singh, and K.K. Pant, Adsorption of As (III) from aqueous solution onto iron oxide impregnated activated alumina. Water Quality Research Journal, 2004. 39(3): p. 258-266.
22. Muchuweti, M., et al., Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implications for human health. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2006. 112(1): p. 41-48.
23. Khan, S., et al., Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental pollution, 2008. 152(3): p. 686-692.
24. Khan, M., et al., Structural growth, rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods. Journal of Dairy Science, 2007. 90(7): p. 3376-3387.
25. Hargreaves, G.H. and G.P. Merkley, Irrigation Fundamentals: an applied technology text for teaching irrigation at the intermediate level. 1998: Water Resources Publication.
26. Scott, M.S., D.Y. Thomas, and M.T. Hallett, Predicting subcellular localization via protein motif co-occurrence. Genome research, 2004. 14(10a): p. 1957-1966.
27. Wang, Y.-X.J., S.M. Hussain, and G.P. Krestin, Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. European radiology, 2001. 11(11): p. 2319-2331.
28. Cuenca, R.H., Irrigation system design. An engineering approach. 1989: Prentice Hall.
29. McDougall, D., Intervention in Solomon Islands. The round table, 2004. 93(374): p. 213-223.
30. Vermeiren, L. and G. Jobling, Localized irrigation: design, installation, operation, evaluation. 1980.
31. Ackermann, M., et al., Structure and reactivity of surface oxides on Pt (110) during catalytic CO oxidation. Physical review letters, 2005. 95(25): p. 255505.
32. Albregts, E., et al., Preplant fertilization of fruiting microirrigated strawberry. HortScience, 1991. 26(9): p. 1176-1177.
33. Vanderlinden, K., et al., Temporal stability of soil water contents: A review of data and analyses. Vadose Zone Journal, 2012. 11(4).
35 Scott, C. A., Faruqui, N. I., and Raschid-Sally, L. (Eds.). 2004. Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture: Confronting the livelihood and environmental realities. CABI.
36 Sieberta, S., Hoogeveenb, J., Dölla, P., Faurèsb, J.M., Feicka, S. and Fren kenb, K. 2006. The digital global map of irrigation areas: Development and validation of map version 4. In: Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development.
37 Smajstrla, A.G., Boman, B.J., Clark, G.A., Haman, D.Z., Harrison, D.S., Izuno, F.T., Pitts, D.J. and Zazueta, F.S. 1991. Efficiencies of Florida agricultural irrigation systems. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida: Florida Cooperative Extension Service.
38 Solomon, E.B., Potenski, C.J. and Matthews, K.R. 2002. Effect of irrigation method on transmission to and persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce. Journal of Food Protection 65, 673-676.
39 Strong, P. J., and Burgess, J. E. 2008. Treatment methods for wine-related and distillery wastewaters: a review. Bioremediation journal 12, 70-87.
40 Sujatha, P., Kumar, B. N., & Kalarani. 2012. Isolation, characterization and molecular identification of bacteria from tannery effluent using 16S rRNA sequencing. Current Biotica 6, 198-207.
41 Tang, C. Y., Fu, Q. S., Gao, D., Criddle, C. S., and Leckie, J. O. 2010. Effect of solution chemistry on the adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate onto mineral surfaces. Water research 44, 2654-2662.
42 Tomasik, B. 2015. The importance of wild-animal suffering. Rel.: Beyond Anthropocentrism 3, 133.
43 Tuzen, M. 2009. Toxic and essential trace elemental contents in fish species from the Black Sea, Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47, 1785-1790.
44 Vallero, M. V. G., Pol, L. H., Lettinga, G., and Lens, P. N. L. 2003. Effect of NaCl on thermophilic (55 C) methanol degradation in sulfate reducing granular sludge reactors. Water research 37, 2269-2280.
45 Vermeiren, L., and Jobling, G. A. 1980. Localized irrigation: design, installation, operation, evaluation.
46 Vinceti, M., Wei, E. T., Malagoli, C., Bergomi, M., and Vivoli, G. 2001. Adverse health effects of selenium in humans. Reviews on environmental health 16, 233-252.
47 Juhna, T., Birzniece, D., Larsson, S., Zulenkovs, D., Sharipo, A., Azevedo, N.F., Menard-Szczebara, F., Castagnet, S., Feliers, C and Keevil, C.W. 2007. Detection of Escherichia coli in biofilms from pipe samples and coupons in drinking water distribution networks. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 7456-7464.
48 Raja, C. E., Selvam, G. S., & Omine, K. I. Y. O. S. H. I. 2009. Isolation, identification and characterization of heavy metal resistant bacteria from sewage. In Int Joint Symp on Geodisaster Prevention and Geoenvironment in Asia 3, 205-211.
49 Nan, Z., Li, J., Zhang, J., & Cheng, G. 2002. Cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil-crop system under actual field conditions. Science of the Total Environment 285, 187-195.
50 Ying Chen., Chunxia Wang. Zijian Wang. 2005. Residues and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in farmland soils irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants. Environmental International 31,778-783.
51 Narendra Kumar Ahirwar, Govind Gupta, Ravindra Singh and Vinod Singh. 2016.Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Heavy Metal Resistant Bacteria from Industrial Affected Soil in Central India. International journal of Pure Applied Biosciences 4, 88-93.
52 Xu, P., Zeng, G. M., Huang, D. L., Feng, C. L., Hu, S., Zhao, M. H., ... & Liu, Z. F. 2012. Use of iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment: a review. Science of the Total Environment 424, 1-10.
53 Guchi, B., & Ashenafi, M. 2010. Microbial load, prevalence and antibiograms of Salmonella and Shigella in lettuce and green peppers. Ethiopian journal of health sciences 20,41-48.
54 Liu, C Hofstra, N. and Franz, E. 2013. Impacts of climate change on the microbial safety of pre-harvest leafy green vegetables as indicated by Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. International journal of food microbiology 163, 119-128.c
55 Pachepsky, Y., Shelton, D. R., McLain, J. E., Patel, J., and Mandrell, R. E. 2011. Irrigation waters as a source of pathogenic microorganisms in produce: a review. In Advances in agronomy, Academic Press 113, 75-141.
56 Waseem. A, Arshad, J., Iqbal, F., Sajjad, A., Mehmood, Z., and Murtaza, G. 2014. Pollution status of Pakistan: a retrospective review on heavy metal contamination of water, soil, and vegetables. BioMed research international, 2014.1-29.
57 Wilson, B., and Pyatt, F. B. (2007). Heavy metal dispersion, persistance, and bioaccumulation around an ancient copper mine situated in Anglesey, UK. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 66, 224-231.
58 Mockenhaupt, G. 2000. Salem sets and restriction properties of Fourier transforms. Geometric and Functional Analysis 10, 1579-1587
59 Franzblau, A., and Lilis, R. 1989. Acute arsenic intoxication from environmental arsenic exposure. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 44, 385-390.
60 Waalkes, M. P., & Klaassen, C. D. 1985. Concentration of metallothionein in major organs of rats after administration of various metals. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 5, 473-477.
61 Newman, S.E. 2004. Disinfecting irrigation water for disease management. Proceeding of 20th Annual Conference on Pest Management on Ornamentals. Society of American Florists. San Jose CA. 2-10
62 Mythili, K., & Karthikeyan, B. 2011. Bioremediation of chromium [Cr (VI)] in tannery effluent using Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. International Journal of Biotechnology, 2, 1460-63.
63 Wen Lan, L.W., Stuart, G., Dunlop and Polly, S.M. 1964. Survival of Shigella in Sewage/Effect of Glycerol on Shigella flexneri and Shigella Bacteriophage. Applied Microbiology 12,188-194.
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2022-03-10
