Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Diversity through Protein Profiling of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli: A Review

Authors

  • Syed Abdullah Shah Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Ayesha Khalid Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Sumera Awan Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Usama Abdul Rehman Mughal Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Farzana Anwar Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Niamat Ullah Khan Department of Medicine, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
  • Hasina Mengal Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
  • Kaleemullah Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
  • Qutab uddin Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v4iSpecial%20Is.1400

Keywords:

Antimicrobial resistance, Genetic diversity, Protein profiling, SDS-PAGE, Urinary tract infections

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a significant cause of UTIs. E. coli strains to the genetic investigation of antibiotic resistance are discussed in this article. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are indicated for managing uncomplicated cystitis, and UPEC resistance to these antimicrobials remained limited. Specific drug-resistance genes were very rare or nonexistent. In recent years, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, routinely used as the first antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, has grown in several nations. In European countries, UPEC resistance to this antibiotic medication ranges from 14.6% to 60%. Frequent outpatient use of fluoroquinolones (FQs), notably ciprofloxacin, is the cause of an ongoing increase in resistance to these drugs. In impoverished nations, UPEC's resistance to FQs is much higher (55.5–85.5%) than in prosperous ones (5.1–32.5%). It is generally accepted that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the critical propagators of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, including UPEC E. coli strains to study antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity. Researchers can identify critical drug resistance changes by comparing the whole-cell protein profiles of MDR, XDR, and sensitive strains. Moreover, SDS-PAGE can also be used to assess genotyping, providing a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of these bacteria. The presence of specific genes and mutations indicates a significant potential for multidrug resistance in bacteria.

Author Biographies

  • Syed Abdullah Shah, Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a significant cause of UTIs. E. coli strains to the genetic investigation of antibiotic resistance are discussed in this article. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are indicated for managing uncomplicated cystitis, and UPEC resistance to these antimicrobials remained limited. Specific drug-resistance genes were very rare or nonexistent. In recent years, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, routinely used as the first antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, has grown in several nations. In European countries, UPEC resistance to this antibiotic medication ranges from 14.6% to 60%. Frequent outpatient use of fluoroquinolones (FQs), notably ciprofloxacin, is the cause of an ongoing increase in resistance to these drugs. In impoverished nations, UPEC's resistance to FQs is much higher (55.5–85.5%) than in prosperous ones (5.1–32.5%). It is generally accepted that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the critical propagators of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, including UPEC E. coli strains to study antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity. Researchers can identify critical drug resistance changes by comparing the whole-cell protein profiles of MDR, XDR, and sensitive strains. Moreover, SDS-PAGE can also be used to assess genotyping, providing a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of these bacteria. The presence of specific genes and mutations indicates a significant potential for multidrug resistance in bacteria.
  • Ayesha Khalid, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a significant cause of UTIs. E. coli strains to the genetic investigation of antibiotic resistance are discussed in this article. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are indicated for managing uncomplicated cystitis, and UPEC resistance to these antimicrobials remained limited. Specific drug-resistance genes were very rare or nonexistent. In recent years, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, routinely used as the first antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, has grown in several nations. In European countries, UPEC resistance to this antibiotic medication ranges from 14.6% to 60%. Frequent outpatient use of fluoroquinolones (FQs), notably ciprofloxacin, is the cause of an ongoing increase in resistance to these drugs. In impoverished nations, UPEC's resistance to FQs is much higher (55.5–85.5%) than in prosperous ones (5.1–32.5%). It is generally accepted that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the critical propagators of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, including UPEC E. coli strains to study antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity. Researchers can identify critical drug resistance changes by comparing the whole-cell protein profiles of MDR, XDR, and sensitive strains. Moreover, SDS-PAGE can also be used to assess genotyping, providing a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of these bacteria. The presence of specific genes and mutations indicates a significant potential for multidrug resistance in bacteria.
  • Sumera Awan, Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a significant cause of UTIs. E. coli strains to the genetic investigation of antibiotic resistance are discussed in this article. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are indicated for managing uncomplicated cystitis, and UPEC resistance to these antimicrobials remained limited. Specific drug-resistance genes were very rare or nonexistent. In recent years, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, routinely used as the first antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, has grown in several nations. In European countries, UPEC resistance to this antibiotic medication ranges from 14.6% to 60%. Frequent outpatient use of fluoroquinolones (FQs), notably ciprofloxacin, is the cause of an ongoing increase in resistance to these drugs. In impoverished nations, UPEC's resistance to FQs is much higher (55.5–85.5%) than in prosperous ones (5.1–32.5%). It is generally accepted that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the critical propagators of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, including UPEC E. coli strains to study antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity. Researchers can identify critical drug resistance changes by comparing the whole-cell protein profiles of MDR, XDR, and sensitive strains. Moreover, SDS-PAGE can also be used to assess genotyping, providing a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of these bacteria. The presence of specific genes and mutations indicates a significant potential for multidrug resistance in bacteria.
  • Usama Abdul Rehman Mughal, Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a significant cause of UTIs. E. coli strains to the genetic investigation of antibiotic resistance are discussed in this article. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are indicated for managing uncomplicated cystitis, and UPEC resistance to these antimicrobials remained limited. Specific drug-resistance genes were very rare or nonexistent. In recent years, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, routinely used as the first antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, has grown in several nations. In European countries, UPEC resistance to this antibiotic medication ranges from 14.6% to 60%. Frequent outpatient use of fluoroquinolones (FQs), notably ciprofloxacin, is the cause of an ongoing increase in resistance to these drugs. In impoverished nations, UPEC's resistance to FQs is much higher (55.5–85.5%) than in prosperous ones (5.1–32.5%). It is generally accepted that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the critical propagators of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, including UPEC E. coli strains to study antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity. Researchers can identify critical drug resistance changes by comparing the whole-cell protein profiles of MDR, XDR, and sensitive strains. Moreover, SDS-PAGE can also be used to assess genotyping, providing a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of these bacteria. The presence of specific genes and mutations indicates a significant potential for multidrug resistance in bacteria.
  • Farzana Anwar, Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a significant cause of UTIs. E. coli strains to the genetic investigation of antibiotic resistance are discussed in this article. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are indicated for managing uncomplicated cystitis, and UPEC resistance to these antimicrobials remained limited. Specific drug-resistance genes were very rare or nonexistent. In recent years, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, routinely used as the first antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, has grown in several nations. In European countries, UPEC resistance to this antibiotic medication ranges from 14.6% to 60%. Frequent outpatient use of fluoroquinolones (FQs), notably ciprofloxacin, is the cause of an ongoing increase in resistance to these drugs. In impoverished nations, UPEC's resistance to FQs is much higher (55.5–85.5%) than in prosperous ones (5.1–32.5%). It is generally accepted that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the critical propagators of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, including UPEC E. coli strains to study antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity. Researchers can identify critical drug resistance changes by comparing the whole-cell protein profiles of MDR, XDR, and sensitive strains. Moreover, SDS-PAGE can also be used to assess genotyping, providing a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of these bacteria. The presence of specific genes and mutations indicates a significant potential for multidrug resistance in bacteria.
  • Niamat Ullah Khan, Department of Medicine, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a significant cause of UTIs. E. coli strains to the genetic investigation of antibiotic resistance are discussed in this article. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are indicated for managing uncomplicated cystitis, and UPEC resistance to these antimicrobials remained limited. Specific drug-resistance genes were very rare or nonexistent. In recent years, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, routinely used as the first antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, has grown in several nations. In European countries, UPEC resistance to this antibiotic medication ranges from 14.6% to 60%. Frequent outpatient use of fluoroquinolones (FQs), notably ciprofloxacin, is the cause of an ongoing increase in resistance to these drugs. In impoverished nations, UPEC's resistance to FQs is much higher (55.5–85.5%) than in prosperous ones (5.1–32.5%). It is generally accepted that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the critical propagators of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, including UPEC E. coli strains to study antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity. Researchers can identify critical drug resistance changes by comparing the whole-cell protein profiles of MDR, XDR, and sensitive strains. Moreover, SDS-PAGE can also be used to assess genotyping, providing a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of these bacteria. The presence of specific genes and mutations indicates a significant potential for multidrug resistance in bacteria.
  • Hasina Mengal, Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, (CASVAB), UoB, Quetta
    Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a significant cause of UTIs. E. coli strains to the genetic investigation of antibiotic resistance are discussed in this article. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are indicated for managing uncomplicated cystitis, and UPEC resistance to these antimicrobials remained limited. Specific drug-resistance genes were very rare or nonexistent. In recent years, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, routinely used as the first antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, has grown in several nations. In European countries, UPEC resistance to this antibiotic medication ranges from 14.6% to 60%. Frequent outpatient use of fluoroquinolones (FQs), notably ciprofloxacin, is the cause of an ongoing increase in resistance to these drugs. In impoverished nations, UPEC's resistance to FQs is much higher (55.5–85.5%) than in prosperous ones (5.1–32.5%). It is generally accepted that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the critical propagators of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, including UPEC E. coli strains to study antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity. Researchers can identify critical drug resistance changes by comparing the whole-cell protein profiles of MDR, XDR, and sensitive strains. Moreover, SDS-PAGE can also be used to assess genotyping, providing a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity of these bacteria. The presence of specific genes and mutations indicates a significant potential for multidrug resistance in bacteria.

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2023-07-02

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Vol. 4 No. Special Is (2021): Review Articles May, 2021- December, 2023

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