Employee’s Sustainable Performance Process: Developing a Model for Sustaining Employees performance by Managing Age Diversity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31580/ijer.v4i2.2071Keywords:
Job Satisfaction, Employee Retention, Employee’s Sustainable Performance, Extrinsic Factor, Intrinsic FactorAbstract
Sustaining employees performance is a critical process. Employee sustainability is crucial for achieving organizational sustainability. For an organization, it's important to understand the individual employees perspective based on their age differences. Needs and resources are different for young employees and old employees. This paper proposes a model of sustaining employees performance of diverse age groups of employees by considering individual employee’s based on Herzberg two factor theory, the motivational theory of lifespan development, and transformational leadership theory. This is a conceptual paper in nature and has successfully developed a model. The proposed model has covered important areas which can create employees satisfaction to retain them in the organization. Employee retention has been proposed as a mediator which is a strong component to build employee’s sustainable performance. For the researcher and practitioners, it will be recommended to test this model to identify its impact on employees and employers.
References
Ampomah, P., & Cudjor, S. K. (2015).The Effect of Employee Turnover on Organizations (Case Study of Electricity Company of Ghana, Cape Coast). Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies. 2(1), 21–24.
Anah, S., Mojekeh, M. O., & Obikeze, C. O. (2019). Principle-Centred Leadership Styles: Panacea for Sustainable Employee Productivity in Organizations. SSRN Electronic Journal, (January). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3412428
Antonakis, J., & House, R. J. (2014). Instrumental leadership : Measurement and extension of transformational – transactional leadership theory ☆. The Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04.005
Aquino, K., Griffeth, R.W., Allen, D.G., Hom, P.W. (1997). Integrating justice constructs into the turnover process: A test of a referent cognitions model. Academy of Management Journal. 40, 1208-1227.
Balaji, M. S., Jiang, Y., Singh, G., & Jha, S. (2020). Letting go or getting back: How organization culture shapes frontline employee response to customer incivility. Journal of Business Research, 111(July 2019), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.007
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics. 18(3), 19–31.
Bin, A., Corresponding, H., & Mahmud, A. Al. (2019). Influence of Compensation and Organizational Culture on Employee Performance : A Study on IT Firms of. 9(3), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i3.15048
Bozionelos, N., Lin, C. H., & Lee, K. Y. (2020). Enhancing the sustainability of employees’ careers through training: The roles of career actors’ openness and of supervisor support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117(July), 103333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103333
Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 77(October 2017), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.014
Chang, Y., Hou, R. J., Wang, K., Cui, A. P., & Zhang, C. B. (2020). Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on social loafing in online travel communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 109(March), 106360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106360
Chen, C.-F. (2006). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and flight attendants’ turnover intentions: A note. Journal of Air Transport Management. 12(2006), 274–276.
Chen, T. J., & Wu, C. M. (2020). Can newcomers perform better at hotels? Examining the roles of transformational leadership, supervisor-triggered positive affect, and perceived supervisor support. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33(529), 100587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100587
Craig, W., 2018. The importance of creating sustainable employees in workplace.Article at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamcraig/2018/06/19/the-importance-of-creating-sustainable-employees-in-the-workplace/
Dachner, A. M., Ellingson, J. E., Noe, R. A., & Saxton, B. M. (2019). Human Resource Management Review The future of employee development. Human Resource Management Review, November, 100732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100732
Dalton, D.R., &Todor, W.D. (1979). Turnover turned over: An expanded and positive perspective. Academy of Management Review. 4, 225-235.
Das, B. L., &Baruah, M. (2013). Employee Retention: A Review of Literature. Journal of Business and Management. 14(2), 8-16.
De Clercq, D., & Belausteguigoitia, I. (2017). Overcoming the dark side of task conflict: Buffering roles of transformational leadership, tenacity, and passion for work. European Management Journal, 35(1), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2016.06.008
De Jonge & Peeters, (2019). The Vital Worker: Towards Sustainable Performance at Work. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. doi:10.3390/ijerph16060910
De Vos, A., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., & Akkermans, J. (2020). Sustainable careers: Towards a conceptual model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117(June), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.011
Dhir, S., & Dutta, T. (2020). Linking supervisor-support, person-job fit and person-organization fit to company value. Journal of Indian Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIBR-04-2019-0124
Docherty, P.; Forslin, J.; Shani, A.B. (2002). Creating Sustainable Work Systems: Emerging Perspectives and Practice. Routledge: London, UK.
Eliyana, A., & Ma, S. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(3), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.05.001
Fombrun, C. J., & Shanley, M. (1990). What’s in a name: Reputation-building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal. 33, 233-258
Furnham, A., Eracleou, A., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2009). Personality, motivation and job satisfaction: Hertzberg meets the Big Five. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 24(8), 765–779.
Goldhaber, D., Krieg, J., & Theobald, R. (2020). Effective like me? Does having a more productive mentor improve the productivity of mentees? Labour Economics, 63(May 2019), 101792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101792
Gordon, S., Adler, H., Day, J., & Sydnor, S. (2019). Perceived supervisor support: A study of select-service hotel employees. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 38(December 2018), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.12.002
Gözükara, İ., & Çolakoğlu, N. (2016). The Mediating Effect of Work Family Conflict on the Relationship between Job Autonomy and Job Satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229(C), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.136
Grabo, A., Spisak, B. R., & van Vugt, M. (2017). Charisma as signal: An evolutionary perspective on charismatic leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 28(4), 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001
Griffeth, R.W., &Hom, P.W. (2001). Retaining valued employees. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hafenbrack, A. C., Cameron, L. D., Spreitzer, G. M., Zhang, C., Noval, L. J., & Shaffakat, S. (2020). Helping People by Being in the Present: Mindfulness Increases Prosocial Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 159(January 2018), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.08.005
Hamid, Mahmud, Wahab, Sazali Abdul, Hosna, Asma Ul, Hasanat, Mohammad Waliul, Kamruzzaman, M. (2020). Impact of Coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) and Employees ’ Reaction to Changes on Employee Performance of Bangladesh. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT. 8(8), 34–43.
Hart, S.L., & Milstein, M.B. (2003).Creating sustainable value. Academy of Management Executive. 17(2), 56-69.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2010). A motivational theory of life-span development. Psychological Review, 117,32-60.
Herzberg, F. (1987). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review. 81(8), 86-96.
Herzberg, Frederick; Mausner, Bernard; Snyderman, Barbara B. (1959). The Motivation to Work (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0471373893.
Hetland, J., Hetland, H., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2018). Daily transformational leadership and employee job crafting: The role of promotion focus. European Management Journal, 36(6), 746–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.01.002
Itoya, J. (2020). LEVEL -5 AND CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEES ’ PERFORMANCE. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies. 49–61. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v5i4.880
Jackson, C. J. (2020). Transformational leadership and gravitas: 2000 years of no development? Personality and Individual Differences, 156(November 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109760
Jan, M. A., Imran, M., & Khalil, K. (2012). The Effect of Motivation on The Performance of Field Force In Helicon Pharmaceutical Company. City University Research Journal, 03(01).
Joao, C., Alvaro, L. D., Melissa, R. A. S., (2019). Determinants of Employee Retention: A Study of Reality in Brazil Melissa. Chapter • January 2019 by Researchgate.net, Found at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330326214
Jyoti, J., & Rani, A. (2019). Role of burnout and mentoring between high performance work system and intention to leave: Moderated mediation model. Journal of Business Research, 98(December 2018), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.068
Kooij, D. T. A. M., & Kanfer, R. (2019). Lifespan perspectives on work motivation. In Work Across the Lifespan. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812756-8.00020-7
Lang A., Murphy H. (2014). Business and Sustainability: An Introduction. In: Lang A., Murphy H. (eds) Business and Sustainability. Sustainability and Innovation.Springer, Cham. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-07239-5_1
Le Blanc, P. M., González-Romá, V., & Wang, H. (2019). Charismatic Leadership and Work Team Innovative Behavior: the Role of Team Task Interdependence and Team Potency. Journal of Business and Psychology, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09663-6
Li, J., & Yuan, B. (2017). Both angel and devil: The suppressing effect of transformational leadership on proactive employee’s career satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 65, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.06.008
Lovelace, J. B., Neely, B. H., Allen, J. B., & Hunter, S. T. (2019). Charismatic, ideological, & pragmatic (CIP) model of leadership: A critical review and agenda for future research. Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.001
Men, L. R., Yue, C. A., & Liu, Y. (2020). “Vision, passion, and care:” The impact of charismatic executive leadership communication on employee trust and support for organizational change. Public Relations Review, May, 101927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101927
Meslec, N., Curseu, P. L., Fodor, O. C., & Kenda, R. (2020). Effects of charismatic leadership and rewards on individual performance. Leadership Quarterly, March, 101423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101423
Min, J., Iqbal, S., Khan, M. A. S., Akhtar, S., Anwar, F., & Qalati, S. A. (2020). Impact of supervisory behavior on sustainable employee performance: Mediation of conflict management strategies using PLS-SEM. PLoS ONE, 15(9 September). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236650
Monje Amor, A., Abeal Vázquez, J. P., & Faíña, J. A. (2020). Transformational leadership and work engagement: Exploring the mediating role of structural empowerment. European Management Journal, 38(1), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.06.007
Montu Bose, Ritika Mahajan, 2018. Business Sustainability: Exploring the Meaning and Significance. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333078727
Nordstrom, O., & Tulibaski, K. L. G. (2019). Enhancing wellbeing in nonprofit organizations: Cultivating ‘extraordinary’ mentoring relationships. Organizational Dynamics, 100748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2019.100748
Odumeru, J.A., & ogbonna, I. G. (2013). Transformational vs Transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature. International Review of Management and Business Research. 2(2), 355.
Ozgenel, M. (2020). The role of charismatic leader in school culture. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2020(86), 85–114. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2020.86.5
Park, T., & Pierce, B. (2019). Impacts of Transformational Leadership on Turnover Intention of Child Welfare Workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 104624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104624
Patterson, F. (2001). Developments in work psychology: Emerging issues and future trends. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(4), 381–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317901167442
Robbins, S. (2006). Organizational behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, (2020), 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
Scandura, T. A., & Williams, E. A. (2004). Mentoring and transformational leadership: The role of supervisory career mentoring. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(3), 448–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.003
Shane, J., & Heckhausen, J. (2019). Motivational theory of lifespan development. In Work Across the Lifespan. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812756-8.00005-0
Sheehan, M., Garavan, T. N., & Morley, M. J. (2020). Transformational leadership and work unit innovation: A dyadic two-wave investigation. Journal of Business Research, 109(November 2018), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.072
Stuer, D., De Vos, A., Van Der Heijden, B. I. J. M., & Akkermans, J. (2019). A sustainable career perspective of work ability: The importance of resources across the lifespan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16(14), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142572
Terry, W., (2013). ORGANIZATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY: WHAT IS IT, AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? Review of Enterprise and Management Studies, Vol. 1, No.1, November 2013
Uen, J. F., Chang, H. C., McConville, D., & Tsai, S. C. (2018). Supervisory mentoring and newcomer innovation performance in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 73(December 2017), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.02.009
Wang, N., Yao, S., Wu, G., & Chen, X. (2017). The role of project management in organisational sustainable growth of technology-based firms. Technology in Society, 51, 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.08.004
Wang, X., Lin, X., & Spencer, M. K. (2019). Exploring the effects of extrinsic motivation on consumer behaviors in social commerce: Revealing consumers’ perceptions of social commerce benefits. International Journal of Information Management, 45(November 2018), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.010
Watts, L. L., Steele, L. M., & Mumford, M. D. (2019). Making sense of pragmatic and charismatic leadership stories: Effects on vision formation. Leadership Quarterly, 30(2), 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.09.003
Yue, C. A., Men, L. R., & Ferguson, M. A. (2019). Bridging transformational leadership , transparent communication , and employee openness to change : The mediating role of trust. Public Relations Review, 45(3), 101779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.04.012
Yunarsih, N., Rahayu, S., Fatoni, Asra, Sustiyono, A., Anwar, T., Sri, N., & Purwanto, A. (2020). Develop leadership style model for nurse in Indonesian hospital. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(8), 352–361. https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.8.53.
