Integration of Muslim Cemetery and Recreational Areas: Analysis of Planning Guidelines and Social Aspects
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Abstract
Recent studies suggested cemetery to be a dual function to accommodate the needs of open spaces that are gradually diminishing. In Malaysia, the Planning Guidelines for Muslim and Non-Muslim Cemetery need to be referred in developing a burial site because a cemetery is an important social infrastructure in the same way to a recreational park. The focus of this research is to analyze the identification of cemetery as an alternative space for social activities that are compatible with the sanctity of Muslim cemetery. This study attempts to reveal how Muslim cemeteries that are often considered as a dead space can be integrated as part of the city's recreational park without marginalizing the spiritual values of the space. The methodology employed comprises of (i) comparative analysis on the contents of the cemetery and recreational planning guidelines, and (ii) site observation of the selected case studies as a mean of data collection. The finding exhibits summative points extracted from both the planning guidelines and the physical elements observed that could transform and revolutionized Muslim cemeteries beyond its norm. This article concludes by providing some recommendations that will help to align the planning and design practice of Muslim cemeteries for future development.
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References
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(SDSN) Sustainable Development Solutions Network. (2019). Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Retrieved from https://indicators.report/goals/goal-11/
Tryjanowski, P., Morelli, F., Mikula, P., Krištín, A., Indykiewicz, P., Grzywaczewski, G., . . . Jerzak, L. (2017). Bird diversity in urban green space: A large-scale analysis of differences between parks and cemeteries in Central Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 27, 264-271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.014
Basmajian, C., & Coutts, C. (2010). Planning for the Disposal of the Dead. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), 305-317. doi:10.1080/01944361003791913
Bennett, G., & Davies, P. J. (2015). Urban cemetery planning and the conflicting role of local and regional interests. Land Use Policy, 42, 450-459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.08.011
Bougas, W. A. (1988). Islamic Cemeteries in Patani. Kuala Lumpur: The Malaysian Historical Society.
Clayden, A., Green, T., Hockey, J., & Powell, M. (2017). Cutting the lawn ? Natural burial and its contribution to the delivery of ecosystem services in urban cemeteries. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.012
Coutts, C., Basmajian, C., & Chapin, T. (2011). Projecting landscapes of death. Landscape and Urban Planning, 102(4), 254-261. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.05.005
Davies, P. J., & Bennett, G. (2016). Planning, provision and perpetuity of deathscapes—Past and future trends and the impact for city planners. Land Use Policy, 55, 98-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.029
(JAWI) Federal Territory Islamic Affairs Department. (2019a). Penanaman pokok buah-buahan di tanah perkuburan. Retrieved from http://www.epusara.jawi.gov.my/epusara/webV5/content/127
(JAWI) Federal Territory Islamic Affairs Department. (2019b). Pentadbiran dan pengurusan tanah perkuburan Islam Wilayah Persekutuan. Retrieved from http://www.epusara.jawi.gov.my/epusara/webV5/index.php
(JLN) National Landscape Department. (2008). National Landscape Guidelines. Kuala Lumpur
(JPBD) Department of Town and Country Planning. (1976). Town and Country Planning Act, Act 172. International Law Book Services, Malaysia
(JPBD) Department of town and Country Planning. (1997). Planning Guidelines for Muslim and Non-Muslim Cemetery. Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
(JPBD) Department of town and Country Planning. (2005). Garis Panduan Piawaian Perancangan Tanah Lapang dan Rekreasi (JPBD 7/2000). Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Henderson, J. C. (2012). The loss of a Cultural Heritage and Tourism Resource: Singapore s Disappearing Burial Grounds. South Asia Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 5(2), 1-14.
Huang, S.-C. L. (2007). Intentions for the recreational use of public landscaped cemeteries in Taiwan. Landscape Research, 32(2), 207-223. doi:10.1080/01426390701231614
Hunt, E. (2019). In Jakarta's cemeteries they're stacking the dead six-deep. The Guardian.
Kenyon Henderson, K., & Song, Y. (2008). Can nearby open spaces substitute for the size of a property owner's private yard? International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 1(2), 147-165.
Klaufus, C. (2014). Deathscapes in Latin America's Metropolises: Urban Land Use, Funerary Transformations, and Daily Inconveniences. Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe / European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies(96), 99-111.
Klaufus, C. (2018). Colombian deathscapes: Social practices and policy responses. Journal of Urban Affairs, 40(2), 209-225. doi:10.1080/07352166.2017.1319220
Kowarik, I., Buchholz, S., von der Lippe, M., & Seitz, B. (2016). Biodiversity functions of urban cemeteries: Evidence from one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 19, 68-78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.023
Mansor, M., Said, I., & Mohamad, I. (2012). Experiential Contacts with Green Infrastructure's Diversity and Well-being of Urban Community. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 49, 257-267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.07.024
Md Dali, M. (1998). Persepsi terhadap kawasan lapang dan relevansinya dalam masyarakat kini. In M. R. Agus (Ed.), Pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi di Malaysia (pp. 180-189). Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Antropologi dan Sosiologi, Universiti Malaya.
Md Dali, M. (2003). Development of Kuala Lumpur Urban Parks: The Past and Its Present. Sejarah: Journal of the Department of History, 11(11). doi:10.22452/sejarah.vol11no11.6
Mohamed Afla, M. R. (2012). Sustainability of Urban Cemeteries and the Transformation of Malay Burial Practices in Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Region. Paper presented at the World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, United States.
P. Harnik, A. M. (2010, December 2010). Cemeteries Alive: Graveyards are resurging as green spaces for the public. Trade Magazine. Retrieved from https://urbanforestrysouth.org/resources/library/ttresources/cemeteries-alive-graveyards-are-resurging-as-green-spaces-for-the-public
Salmon, C. (2016). From Cemeteries to Luxurious Memorial Parks. Archipel.
(SDSN) Sustainable Development Solutions Network. (2019). Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Retrieved from https://indicators.report/goals/goal-11/
Tryjanowski, P., Morelli, F., Mikula, P., Krištín, A., Indykiewicz, P., Grzywaczewski, G., . . . Jerzak, L. (2017). Bird diversity in urban green space: A large-scale analysis of differences between parks and cemeteries in Central Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 27, 264-271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.014